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s support interactive programming simulators are available for some microcontrollers these allow a developer to analyze what the behavior of the microcontroller and their program should be if they were using the actual part a simulator will show the internal processor state and also that of the outputs as well as allowing input signals to be generated while on the one hand most simulators will be limited from being unable to simulate much other hardware in a system they can exercise conditions that may otherwise be hard to reproduce at will in the physical implementation and can be the quickest way to debug and analyze problems recent microcontrollers are often integrated with on chip debug circuitry that when accessed by an in circuit emulator ice via jtag allow debugging of the firmware with a debugger a real time ice may allow viewing and or manipulating of internal states while running a tracing ice can record executed program and mcu states before after a trigger point types edit see also list of common microcontrollers as of 2008 update there are several dozen microcontroller architectures and vendors including arm core processors many vendors arm cortex m cores are specifically targeted toward microcontroller applications microchip technology atmel avr 8 bit avr32 32 bit and at91sam 32 bit cypress semiconductor s m8c core used in their psoc programmable system on chip freescale coldfire 32 bit and s08 8 bit freescale 68hc11 8 bit and others based on the motorola 6800 family intel 8051 also manufactured by nxp semiconductors infineon and many others infineon 8 bit xc800 16 bit xe166 32 bit xmc4000 arm based cortex m4f 32 bit tricore and 32 bit aurix tricore bit microcontrollers 30 maxim integrated max32600 max32620 max32625 max32630 max32650 max32640 mips microchip technology pic 8 bit pic16 pic18 16 bit dspic33 pic24 32 bit pic32 nxp semiconductors lpc1000 lpc2000 lpc3000 lpc4000 32 bit lpc900 lpc700 8 bit parallax propeller powerpc ise rabbit 2000 8 bit renesas electronics rl78 16 bit mcu rx 32 bit mcu superh v850 32 bit mcu h8 r8c 16 bit mcu silicon laboratories pipelined 8 bit 8051 microcontrollers and mixed signal arm based 32 bit microcontrollers stmicroelectronics stm8 8 bit st10 16 bit stm32 32 bit spc5 automotive 32 bit texas instruments ti msp430 16 bit msp432 32 bit c2000 32 bit toshiba tlcs 870 8 bit 16 bit many others exist some of which are used in very narrow range of applications or are more like applications processors than microcontrollers the microcontroller market is extremely fragmented with numerous vendors technologies and markets note that many vendors sell or have sold multiple architectures interrupt latency edit in contrast to general purpose computers microcontrollers used in embedded systems often seek to optimize interrupt latency over instruction throughput issues include both reducing the latency and making it be more predictable to support real time control when an electronic device causes an interrupt during the context switch the intermediate results registers have to be saved before the software responsible for handling the interrupt can run they must also be restored after that interrupt handler is finished if there are more processor registers this saving and restoring process may take more time increasing the latency if an isr does not require the use of some registers it may simply leave them alone rather than saving and restoring them so in that case those registers are not involved with the latency ways to reduce such context restore latency include having relatively few registers in their central processing units undesirable because it slows down most non interrupt processing substantially or at least having the hardware not save them all this fails if the software then needs to compensate by saving the rest manually another technique involves spending silicon gates on shadow registers one or more duplicate registers used only by the interrupt software perhaps supporting a dedicated stack other factors affecting interrupt latency include cycles needed to complete current cpu activities to minimize those costs microcontrollers tend to have short pipelines often three instructions or less small write buffers and ensure that longer instructions are continuable or restartable risc design principles ensure that most instructions take the same number of cycles helping avoid the need for most such continuation restart logic the length of any critical section that needs to be interrupted entry to a critical section restricts concurrent data structure access when a data structure must be accessed by an interrupt handler the critical section must block that interrupt accordingly interrupt latency is increased by however long that interrupt is blocked when there are hard external constraints on system latency developers often need tools to measure interrupt latencies and track down which critical sections cause slowdowns one common technique just blocks all interrupts for the duration of the critical section this is easy to implement but sometimes critical sections get uncomfortably long a more complex technique just blocks the interrupts that may trigger access to that data structure this is often based on interrupt priorities which tend to not correspond well to the relevant system data structures accordingly this technique is used mostly in very constrained environments processors may have hardware support for some critical sections examples include supporting atomic access to bits or bytes within a word or other atomic access primitives like the ldrex strex exclusive access primitives introduced in the armv6 architecture interrupt nesting some microcontrollers allow higher priority interrupts to interrupt lower priority ones this allows software to manage latency by giving time critical interrupts higher priority and thus lower and more predictable latency than less critical ones trigger rate when interrupts occur back to back microcontrollers may avoid an extra context save restore cycle by a form of tail call optimization lower end microcontrollers tend to support fewer interrupt latency controls than higher end ones memory technology edit two different kinds of memory are commonly used with microcontrollers a non volatile memory for storing firmware and a read write memory for temporary data data edit from the earliest microcontrollers to today six transistor sram is almost always used as the read write working memory with a few more transistors per bit used in the register file in addition to the sram some microcontrollers also have internal eeprom for data storage and even ones that do not have any or not enough are often connected to external serial eeprom chip such as the basic stamp or external serial flash memory chip a few microcontrollers beginning in 2003 have self programmable flash memory 7 firmware edit the earliest microcontrollers used mask rom to store firmware later microcontrollers such as the early versions of the freescale 68hc11 and early pic microcontrollers had eprom memory which used a translucent window to allow erasure via uv light while production versions had no such window being otp one time programmable firmware updates were equivalent to replacing the microcontroller itself thus many products were not upgradeable motorola mc68hc805 6 was the first microcontroller to use eeprom to store the firmware eeprom microcontrollers became more popular in 1993 when microchip introduced pic16c84 5 and atmel introduced an 8051 core microcontroller that was first one to use nor flash memory to store the firmware 7 today s microcontrollers almost all use flash memory with a few models using fram and some ultra low cost parts still using otp or mask rom see also edit electronics portal list of common microcontrollers list of wi fi microcontrollers list of open source hardware projects microbotics programmable logic controller single board microcontroller references edit 1971 microprocessor integrates cpu function onto a single chip the silicon engine computer history museum retrieved 22 july 2019 augarten stan 1983 the most widely used computer on a chip the tms 1000 state of the art a photographic history of the integrated circuit new haven and new york ticknor fields isbn 978 0 89919 195 9 retrieved 2009 12 23 trends in the semiconductor industry semiconductor history museum of japan archived from the original on 2019 06 27 retrieved 2019 06 27 a b oral history panel on the development and promotion of the intel 8048 microcontroller pdf computer history museum oral history 2008 p 4 retrieved 2016 04 04 a b chip hall of fame microchip technology pic 16c84 microcontroller ieee 2017 06 30 retrieved september 16 2018 a b motorola advance information 8 bit microcomputers mc68hc05b6 mc68hc05b4 mc68hc805b6 motorola document eadi0054ri motorola ltd 1988 a b c atmel s self programming flash microcontrollers pdf 2012 01 24 retrieved 2008 10 25 by odd jostein svendsli 2003 turley jim 2002 the two percent solution embedded retrieved 2018 07 11 cantrell tom 1998 microchip on the march circuit cellar archived from the original on 2007 09 27 retrieved 2018 07 11 semico research momentum carries mcus into 2011 semico research semico com retrieved 2018 07 11 a b mcu market on migration path to 32 bit and arm based devices april 25 2013 it typically takes a global economic recession to upset the diverse mcu marketplace and that s exactly what occurred in 2009 when the microcontroller business suffered its worst ever annual sales decline of 22 to 11 1 billion a b the really low cost mcus www additude se retrieved 2019 01 16 bill giovino zilog buys microcontroller product lines from samsung 2013 a b efm8bb10f2g a qfn20 silicon labs mouser a b msp430g2001ipw14r texas instruments mouser a b cy8c4013sxi 400 cypress semiconductor mouser mouser electronics archived from the original on 2015 02 18 msp430fr2000ipw16r texas instruments mouser cy8c4013sxi 400 cypress semiconductor mouser mouser electronics retrieved 2018 07 11 u m researchers create world s smallest computer university of michigan 2018 06 21 university of michigan outdoes ibm with world s smallest computer cnet 2018 06 22 ibm fighting counterfeiters with world s smallest computer cnet 2018 03 19 ibm built a computer the size of a grain of salt here s what it s for fortune 2018 03 19 heath steve 2003 embedded systems design edn series for design engineers 2 ed newnes pp 11 12 isbn 9780750655460 david harris sarah harris 2012 digital design and computer architecture second edition p 515 morgan kaufmann isbn 0123944244 easy way to build a microcontroller project mazzei daniele montelisciani gabriele baldi giacomo fantoni gualtiero 2015 changing the programming paradigm for the embedded in the iot domain 2015 ieee 2nd world forum on internet of things wf iot internet of things wf iot 2015 ieee 2nd world forum on milan ieee pp 239 244 doi 10 1109 wf iot 2015 7389059 isbn 978 1 5090 0366 2 8052 basic microcontrollers by jan axelson 1994 edwards robert 1987 optimizing the zilog z8 forth microcontroller for rapid prototyping pdf martin marietta 3 retrieved 9 december 2012 cite journal cite journal requires journal help www infineon com mcu external links edit microcontroller at wikipedia s sister projects definitions from wiktionary media from commons textbooks from wikibooks resources from wikiversity microcontroller at curlie v t e microcontrollers main single board microcontroller special function register architectures 68000 8051 arc arm avr cisc mips pic risc risc v word length 4 bit am2900 cop400 marc4 pps 4 s1c6x tlcs 47 tms1000 μcom 4 8 bit 6800 68hc05 68hc08 68hc11 s08 rs08 6502 65c134 65c265 melps 740 78k 8048 8051 xc800 avr cop8 h8 pic10 12 16 17 18 st6 st7 stm8 z8 z80 ez80 rabbit 2000 tlcs 870 16 bit 68hc12 16 80186 c166 cr16 c h8s msp430 pic24 dspic r8c rl78 tlcs 900 z8000 32 bit am29000 arc arm cortex m efm32 lpc sam stm32 xmc arm cortex r avr32 crx fr fr v h8sx m32r 68000 coldfire pic32 powerpc mpc5xx propeller superh tlcs 900 tricore v850 rx z80000 64 bit arc arm cortex r powerpc64 interfaces programming in circuit serial programming icsp in system programming isp program and debug interface pdi high voltage serial programming hvsp high voltage parallel programming hvpp bootloader rom awire debugging nexus standard joint test action group jtag debugwire atmel in circuit debugging icd in circuit emulator ice in target probe itp lists list of common microcontrollers by manufacturer intel nxp freescale infineon renesas electronics list of wi fi microcontrollers see also embedded system programmable logic controller list of microprocessors v t e processor technologies models abstract machine stored program computer finite state machine with datapath hierarchical deterministic finite automaton queue automaton cellular automaton quantum cellular automaton turing machine alternating turing machine universal post turing quantum nondeterministic turing machine probabilistic turing machine hypercomputation zeno machine belt machine stack machine register machines counter pointer random access random access stored program architecture microarchitecture von neumann harvard modified dataflow transport triggered cellular endianness memory access numa huma load store register memory cache hierarchy memory hierarchy virtual memory secondary storage heterogeneous fabric multiprocessing cognitive neuromorphic instruction set architectures types orthogonal instruction set cisc risc application specific edge trips vliw epic misc oisc nisc zisc visc architecture quantum computing comparison addressing modes instruction sets motorola 68000 series vax pdp 11 x86 arm stanford mips mips mips x power power powerpc power isa clipper architecture sparc superh dec alpha etrax cris m32r unicore itanium openrisc risc v microblaze lmc system 3x0 s 360 s 370 s 390 z architecture tilera isa visc architecture epiphany architecture others execution instruction pipelining pipeline stall operand forwarding classic risc pipeline hazards data dependency structural control false sharing out of order scoreboarding tomasulo algorithm reservation station re order buffer register renaming wide issue speculative branch prediction memory dependence prediction parallelism level bit bit serial word instruction pipelining scalar superscalar task thread process data vector memory distributed multithreading temporal simultaneous hyperthreading speculative preemptive cooperative flynn s taxonomy sisd simd array processing simt pipelined processing associative processing swar misd mimd spmd processor performance transistor count instructions per cycle ipc cycles per instruction cpi instructions per second ips floating point operations per second flops transactions per second tps synaptic updates per second sups performance per watt ppw cache performance metrics computer performance by orders of magnitude types central processing 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