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ng with the catholic league against huguenots and politiques and other minor religious conflicts like the cologne war also it led to the biggest expansion of spain s diplomatic area developing alliances with pro habsburg italian states and catholic swiss cantons while starting routine embassies to north europe and east europe for the first time having interests in defending holy see s interests in denmark norway sweden and poland lithuania 35 also during this time the polysynodial system was consolidated in the hispanic monarchy largely due to the importance that acquired the foreign policy of the spanish empire across different geopolitical units and also the foral nature of spain as a composite monarchy instead of a modern state in which non castillian states had their own social sovereign laws and politics this led to the development of 13 different councils with responsibilities in the netherlands italy portugal america and philippines etc the struggle for the control of spanish foreign policy let to internal conflicts in the spanish nobility as becoming secretary of those councils symbolised that their holders were very trusted by the king also the duty of those diplomats evolved into activities of espionage and the development of communication networks to consolidate spain s sphere of influence across europe and the world 35 for 16th century europe we cannot speak of states as we understand them today in the domains of philip ii as i have mentioned power was structured in several councils that is it was organized according to a polysynodal system in which changes were even more pronounced of all of them the one of greatest interest in this work is the council of state which among its many responsibilities advised on relations with other princes or territories based on these councils and the king s inner circle the presence of the royal secretaries is noteworthy these individuals became an institution in themselves and attained a power in the monarch s shadow that significantly surpassed that of some of the aforementioned councils from this centralized core emerged a second administration this administration following the dictates of high ranking officials maintained a physical presence in various foreign territories staffed by ambassadors secretaries and a vast underground network of informants and spies this is yet another example of how diplomacy during this period was a blend of foreign representation and espionage quite unlike our understanding of it today ultimately it was upon these two great foundations that the principal undertakings of the reign were carried out these undertakings by their very nature encompassed everything from mere symbolic acts aimed at sealing marriage alliances to conspiratorial activities that sought the overthrow of sovereigns and the reinstatement of supporters aligned with catholicism borja oliván aniés on oversea philip ii did reforms about the asiento de negros in benefit of portuguese africans 36 made stronger regulations against the entrance of foreigners in the spanish empire due to the piracy at the anglo spanish war while also adopted protectionist politics to limit the growing of chinese economic power in the philippines and then in spanish america 15 also was developed the junta de guerra de indias to protect spanish empire from the dutch empire raids and confront them around the world turning eighty years war into a global war 37 38 another important matter was the tiny rivalry between spain and the portuguese empire and then between the council of castile and the council of portugal about the sphere of influence over southeast asia 39 and south america 40 being developed inner conflicts due to the difficults to develop a common foreign policy there because differents conceptions of what was local policy and global one 41 42 becoming a struggle the assimilation of the kingdom of portugal in the iberian union due to the discusions to delimit the boundaries between inner and foreign policy there without harming the foral civil law 43 44 philip iii 1598 1621 edit main article philip iii of spain foreign policy the somerset house conference between english and spanish diplomats that brought an end to the anglo spanish war 1585 1604 philip iii has a poor reputation in terms of both domestic and foreign policy he inherited two major conflicts from his father the first of these the long running dutch revolt represented a serious challenge to spanish power from the protestant united provinces in a crucial part of the spanish empire the second the anglo spanish war was a newer and less critical conflict with protestant england marked by a spanish failure to successfully bring its huge military resources to bear on the smaller english military 45 philip s own foreign policy can be divided into three phases for the first nine years of his reign he pursued a highly aggressive set of policies aiming to deliver a great victory 46 his instructions to his most important advisor duke lerma to wage a war of blood and iron on his rebellious subjects in the netherlands reflects this 47 after 1609 when it became evident that spain was financially exhausted and philip sought a truce with the dutch there followed a period of retrenchment in the background tensions continued to grow however and by 1618 the policies of philip s proconsols were increasingly at odds with de lerma s policy from madrid 48 on oversea the projects to consolidate trade routes in the indo pacific became a priority over the traditional spanish foreign policy of secure the transatlantic crossing becoming an urgent the defense of the portuguese empire specially portuguese malacca 49 and hormuz in the iberian union against the dutch 50 51 or english with their local allies and a better integration of the spanish philippines with peninsular spain without depending on new spain through the manila galleon nor the port of callao in peru 52 to have better benefits from the china spain relations 53 while developing a great armada 54 to protect both philippines and portuguese india 55 56 another foreign policy was to make stronger the patronato real in the colonial cabildos in perjudge of the hierarchy of the catholic church becoming more powerful the spanish crown over the holy see in the religious policy 57 also the foreign policy in the mediterranean was deeply integrated in the main objectives of re starting the spanish ottoman wars although in a lesser scale focusing in the combat against barbary corsairs and minor conquests in algeria the intervention in the affairs of morocco supporting sometimes the republic of salé and the italian states supporting the interests of genoa and savoy against france venice and switzerland and attempts to consolidate spanish sicily naples sphere of influence in the adriatic sea developing a rivalry against the venetians at the time of the 3rd duke of osuna s rule 5 despite also philip iii promoted the development of flemish and german consulates in seville trying to integrate the spanish economical circuits with the ones of the hre on the eve of the thirty years war 58 bourbon spain edit europe in 1701 at the beginning of the war of the spanish succession war of the spanish succession and after 1701 1759 edit main articles war of the spanish succession and philip v of spain the war of the spanish succession 1701 1714 saw spain in a nearly helpless position as multiple european powers battled for control over which of three rivals would be king at first most of the warfare took place outside of spain however in 1704 spain was invaded by the germans officially by the holy roman empire including habsburg austria and prussia as well as other minor german states great britain the dutch republic the duchy of savoy and portugal the invaders wanted to make the habsburg candidate king instead of the incumbent philip v who the grandson of france s powerful king louis xiv and candidate of the house of bourbon spain had no real army but it defense was a high priority for louis xiv who sent in his french armies and after a devastating civil war eventually drove out the invaders from spain 59 60 after years of warfare and changing coalitions the final result was that philip v remained king in practice his wife elisabeth farnese ruled spain from 1714 until 1746 and was more interested in italy than spain spain was not even invited to the peace treaties peace of utrecht they forbade any future possibility of unifying the french and spanish crowns britain was the main winner it blocked france from becoming too powerful britain acquired minorca and gibraltar from spain as well as the right to sell slaves to spanish colonies britain also gained newfoundland and nova scotia from france spain kept its american colonies but lost its european holdings in italy and the spanish netherlands modern belgium mostly to austria spain briefly regained some italian holdings until the british sank its fleet in 1718 elisabeth farnese succeeded in recapturing naples and sicily she put her son on the throne there he abdicated in 1759 to return to madrid as king charles iii of spain 61 62 american revolutionary war 1775 1783 edit main article spain and the american revolutionary war eager to gain revenge on the british for its defeat during the seven years war france offered support to rebel american colonists seeking independence from britain during the american war of independence and in 1778 entered the war on their side they then urged spain to do the same hoping the combined force would be strong enough to overcome the british royal navy and be able to invade england in 1779 spain joined the war hoping to take advantage of a substantially weakened britain distrustful of republics spain did not officially recognize the new united states of america 63 a well organised force under bernardo de galvez operating out of spanish louisiana launched repeated attacks on british colonies in the caribbean and the gulf of mexico they were easy winners against weak british garrisons and were planning an expedition against jamaica when peace was declared in 1783 citation needed spain s highest priority was to recapture gibraltar from britain using the great siege of gibraltar 64 despite a prolonged besiegement the british garrison there was able to hold out until relieved and it remained in british hands following the treaty of paris unlike their french allies for whom the war proved largely to be a disaster financially and militarily the spanish made a number of territorial gains recovering florida and menorca 65 66 modern spain edit 20th century edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information april 2022 after the isolationist position taken by spain in the 19th century in 1898 after the spanish american war it was developed a more active foreign policy focused in the consolidation of spanish colonial interests in north africa trying to correct the errors of antonio cánovas del castillo s foreign policy of the late 19th century in which the spanish colonies were consided as something related to the purely inner policy and also changing the pro triple alliance views of alfonso xii to a pro entente views in the international relations of europe 67 a neutral country during world war i spain was not invited to take part in the 1919 paris peace conference owing to the country s relative low profile in international affairs 68 it was however invited to join the league of nations as a non permanent member and it formally did so on 14 august 1919 68 during the so called wilsonian moment in international relations forces adversarial to the spanish state such as the rifis vying for international recognition of their proto republic and the catalan separatist movement emboldened 68 after franco s death in 1975 and the integration of democracy its foreign policy changed 69 70 the new government ended spain s diplomatic isolation strengthening its relations with western europe normalizing connections with neighboring countries aiming to become a ember of the european and transatlantic institutions 71 72 73 in 1982 spain joined nato and in 1986 it became a member of the european communities 74 75 69 during the 1990s and 2000s spain expanded its connections and influence in latin america and the middle east also participating in nato operations 76 under the government led by prime minister josé maría aznar spain participated in the 1999 kosovo war later backing the us invasion to iraq in 2003 77 following the 2004 madrid train bombings and the election of josé luis rodríguez zapatero spain withdrew its forces from iraq however it did participate in the war in afghanistan and supporting nato and the european union 78 79 regional relations edit latin america edit the ibero american vision edit spain has maintained its special identification with its fellow spanish speaking countries its policy emphasizes the concept of an ibero american community essentially the renewal of the historically liberal concept of hispano americanismo or hispanic as it is often referred to in english which has sought to link the iberian peninsula to the spanish speaking countries in central and south america through language commerce history and culture spain has been an effective example of transition from dictatorship to democracy as shown in the many trips that spain s king and prime ministers have made to the region 80 81 trends in diplomatic relations edit spain maintains economic and technical cooperation programs and cultural exchanges with latin american countries both bilaterally and within the eu during josé maría aznar s government spanish relations worsened with countries like mexico venezuela and cuba but were exceptionally good with others like colombia the dominican republic and several central american republics josé luis rodríguez zapatero s victory in the 2004 general elections changed this setting despite long standing close linguistic economic and cultural relations with most of latin america some aspects of spanish foreign policy during this time such as its support for the iraq war were not supported or widely favored sub saharan africa edit spain has gradually begun to broaden its contacts with sub saharan africa it has a particular interest in its former colony of equatorial guinea where it maintains a large aid program more recently it has sought closer relation with senegal mauritania mali and others to find solutions for the issue of illegal immigration to the canary islands 82 middle east edit in the middle east spain is known as a broker between powers in its relations with the arab world spain frequently supports arab positions on middle east issues the arab countries are a priority interest for spain because of oil and gas imports and because several arab nations have substantial investments in spain 83 europe edit spain has been successful in managing its relations with its three immediate european neighbours f...
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