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rd lepsius etruscan edit main articles etruscan art and etruscan vase painting etruscan art was produced by the etruscan civilization in central italy between the 9th and 2nd centuries bc from around 600 bc it was heavily influenced by greek art which was imported by the etruscans but always retained distinct characteristics particularly strong in this tradition were figurative sculpture in terracotta especially life size on sarcophagi or temples wall painting and metalworking especially in bronze jewelry and engraved gems of high quality were produced 3 etruscan sculpture in cast bronze was famous and widely exported but relatively few large examples have survived the material was too valuable and recycled later in contrast to terracotta and bronze there was relatively little etruscan sculpture in stone despite the etruscans controlling fine sources of marble including carrara marble which seems not to have been exploited until the romans the great majority of survivals came from tombs which were typically crammed with sarcophagi and grave goods and terracotta fragments of architectural sculpture mostly around temples tombs have produced all the fresco wall paintings which show scenes of feasting and some narrative mythological subjects the monteleone chariot 2nd quarter of the 6th century bc bronze and ivory total height 130 9 cm length of the pole 209 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city the sarcophagus of the spouses 530 520 bc terracotta 1 14 m x 1 9 m from a tomb of the banditaccia necropolis cerveteri italy louvre water jar with herakles and the hydra circa 525 bc black figure pottery height 44 5 cm diameter 33 8 cm getty villa california us apollo of veii c 510 bc painted terracotta height 1 81 m national etruscan museum rome fresco with dancers and musicians c 475 bc fresco secco height of the wall 1 7 m tomb of the leopards monterozzi necropolis lazio italy the vulci set of jewelry early 5th century gold glass rock crystal agate and carnelian various dimensions metropolitan museum of art tripod base for a thymiaterion incense burner 475 450 bc bronze height 11 cm metropolitan museum of art earring in the form of a dolphin 5th century bc gold 2 1 1 4 4 9 cm metropolitan museum of art greek edit main article ancient greek art capitals in the three greek orders doric ionic and corinthian ancient greek art includes much pottery and sculpture as well as architecture greek sculpture is known for the contrapposto standing of the figures the art of ancient greece is usually divided stylistically into three periods the archaic the classical and the hellenistic the history of ancient greek pottery is divided stylistically into periods the protogeometric the geometric the late geometric or archaic the black figure and the red figure ancient greek art has survived most successfully in the forms of sculpture and architecture as well as in such minor arts as coin design pottery and gem engraving the most prestigious form of ancient greek painting was panel painting now known only from literary descriptions they perished rapidly after the 4th century ad when they were no longer actively protected today not much survives of greek painting except for late mummy paintings and a few paintings on the walls of tombs mostly in macedonia and italy painting on pottery of which a great deal survives gives some sense of the aesthetics of greek painting the techniques involved however were very different from those used in large format painting it was mainly in black and gold and was painted using different paints than the ones used on walls or wood because it was a different surface the euphiletos painter panathenaic prize amphora 530 bc painted terracotta height 62 2 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city the artemision bronze 460 450 bc bronze height 2 1 m national archaeological museum athens the parthenon on the athenian acropolis the most iconic doric greek temple built of marble and limestone between c 460 406 bc dedicated to the goddess athena 4 mirror with a support in the form of a draped woman mid 5th century bc bronze height 40 41 cm metropolitan museum of art calyx krater 400 375 bc ceramic height 27 9 cm diameter 28 6 cm from thebes greece louvre the grave relief of thraseas and euandria 375 350 bc pentelic marble height 160 cm width 91 cm pergamon museum berlin hermes and the infant dionysus by praxiteles 330 320 bc marble height 2 15 m archaeological museum of olympia olympia greece 5 the alexander sarcophagus 320 310 bc marble length 3 18 m istanbul archaeology museums turkey 6 volute krater 320 310 bc ceramic height 1 1 m walters art museum baltimore us statuette of a draped woman 2nd century bc terracotta height 29 2 cm metropolitan museum of art venus de milo 130 100 bc marble height 203 cm 80 in louvre group of aphrodite pan and eros circa 100 bc marble height without base 1 32 m national archaeological museum athens 7 laocoön and his sons early first century bc marble height 2 4 m vatican museums vatican city mosaic which represents the epiphany of dionysus 2nd century ad from the villa of dionysus dion greece archeological museum of dion illustrations of examples of ancient greek ornaments and patterns drawn in 1874 reconstructed colour scheme of the entablature on a doric temple which shows that ancient greek temples were coloured and not just white marble hittite edit main article hittite art hittite art was produced by the hittite civilization in ancient anatolia in modern day turkey and also stretching into syria during the second millennium bc from the nineteenth century up until the twelfth century bc this period falls under the anatolian bronze age it is characterized by a long tradition of canonized images and motifs rearranged while still being recognizable by artists to convey meaning to a largely illiterate population owing to the limited vocabulary of figural types and motifs invention for the hittite artist usually was a matter of combining and manipulating the units to form more complex compositions 8 many of these recurring images revolve around the depiction of hittite deities and ritual practices there is also a prevalence of hunting scenes in hittite relief and representational animal forms much of the art comes from settlements like alaca höyük or the hittite capital of hattusa near modern day boğazkale scholars do have difficulty dating a large portion of hittite art citing the fact that there is a lack of inscription and much of the found material especially from burial sites was moved from their original locations and distributed among museums during the nineteenth century drinking cup in the shape of a fist 1400 1380 bc silver from central turkey museum of fine arts boston us vessel terminating in the forepart of a stag c 14th 13th century bc silver with gold inlay height 18 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city seal of tarkasnawa king of mira circa 1220 bc silver height 1 cm diameter 4 2 cm walters art museum baltimore us three reliefs from the adana archaeology museum turkey mesopotamian edit main article art of mesopotamia mesopotamia from the greek μεσοποταμία land between the rivers in syriac called ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ pronounced beth nahrain land of rivers rendered in arabic as بلاد الرافدين bilād al rāfidayn is a toponym for the area of the tigris euphrates river system largely corresponding to modern day iraq as well as some parts of northeastern syria southeastern turkey and southwestern iran within its boundaries some of the most ancient civilizations known first developed writing and agriculture many civilizations flourished there leaving behind a rich legacy of ancient art citation needed bronze age mesopotamian civilizations included the akkadian babylonian and assyrian empires and sumer in the iron age mesopotamia was ruled by the neo assyrian and neo babylonian empires the indigenous sumerians and akkadians including assyrians babylonians dominated mesopotamia from the beginning of written history c 3100 bc to the fall of babylon in 539 bc when it was conquered by the achaemenid empire it fell to alexander the great in 332 bc and after his death it became part of the greek seleucid empire around 150 bc mesopotamia was under the control of the parthians mesopotamia became a battleground between the romans and parthians with parts of mesopotamia particularly assyria coming under periodic roman control in 226 ad it fell to the sassanid persians and remained under persian rule until the 7th century arab islamic conquest of the sassanid empire a number of primarily christian native mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century bc and the 3rd century ad including adiabene oshroene and hatra assyrian edit main article art and architecture of assyria cylinder seal with deities one of them being on a winged lion 8th 7th century bc cryptocrystalline quartz 4 09 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city when babylon began to decline it was conquered by assyria one of its former colonies assyria inherited its arts as well as its empire at first assyrian architects and artists copied babylonian styles and materials later assyrians began to shake themselves free of babylonian influences the walls of the assyrian palaces were lined with slabs of stone instead of brick and were colored instead of painted as in chaldea in place of the bas relief we have sculpted figures the earliest examples being the statues from girsu no remarkable specimens of metallurgic art from early assyria have been found but at a later epoch great excellence was attained in the manufacture of such jewellery as earrings and bracelets of gold they also had skilled works using copper assyrian pottery and porcelain were graceful transparent glass seems to have been first introduced in the reign of sargon ii like the glass discovered in the palaces of nineveh derived from egyptian originals stone as well as clay and glass were employed in the manufacture of vases vases of hard stone have been disinterred at tello similar to those of the early dynastic period of egypt ashurbanipal promoted art and culture and had a vast library of cuneiform tablets at nineveh shalmaneser iii on the throne dais of shalmaneser iii at the iraq museum a neo assyrian relief of ashur as a feather robed archer holding a bow instead of a ring 9th 8th century bc the black obelisk of shalmaneser iii the king surrounded by his royal attendants and a high ranking official receives a tribute from sua king of gilzanu north west iran who bows and prostrates before the king from nimrud northern mesopotamia iraq neo assyrian period 825 bc the british museum london 7th century bc relief depicting ashurbanipal r 669 631 bc and three royal attendants in a chariot from the north palace at nineveh glazed terracotta tile from nimrud with a court scene 875 850 bc fired and glazed clay height without base 30 6 cm height with base 38 3 cm british museum lammasu an assyrian protective deity initially depicted as a goddess in sumerian times when it was called lamma it was later depicted in assyrian times as a hybrid of a human bird and either a bull or lion specifically having a human head the body of a bull or a lion and bird wings under the name lamassu iraq museum relief with a winged genie with bucket and cone 713 706 bc height 3 3 m louvre lion weight 6th 4th century bc bronze height 29 5 cm louvre assyrian ornaments and patterns illustrated in a book from 1920 illustration of a hall in the assyrian palace of ashurnasrirpal ii by austen henry layard 1854 babylonian edit the conquest of sumer and akkad by babylon marks a turning point in the artistic and political history of the region the babylonians took advantage of the abundance of clay in mesopotamia to create bricks the use of brick led to the early development of the pilaster and column as well as of frescoes and enameled tiles the walls were brilliantly colored and sometimes plated with bronze or gold as well as with tiles painted terra cotta cones were also embedded in the plaster the babylonians often worked with metal they created functional tools with copper it is possible that babylonia was the original home of copperworking which then spread westward in addition the want of stone in babylonia made every pebble precious and led to a high perfection of the art of gem cutting the arts of babylon also included tapestries and babylonian civilization was famous for its tapestries and rugs detail of nebuchadnezzar ii s building inscription plaque of the ishtar gate from babylon iraq 6th century bc pergamon museum female head circa 2000 1600 bc ceramic 18 x 12 7 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city plaque with a nude female between two bearded males wearing kilts circa 2000 1600 bc bronze 9 7 x 9 7 cm metropolitan museum of art cylinder seal with an impression circa 18th 17th century bc hematite 2 39 cm metropolitan museum of art male head circa late 8th early 7th century ceramic 12 5 cm metropolitan museum of art facade of the throne room babylon coloured glazed bricks 604 562 bc the throne room was situated in the third courtyard complex of the royal palace remains of brick structures in babylon contemporary artwork depicting babylon at the height of its stature the ishtar gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of babylon it was constructed circa 575 bc by order of king nebuchadnezzar ii on the north side of the city hammurabi left depicted as receiving his royal insignia from shamash or possibly marduk hammurabi holds his hands over his mouth as a sign of prayer relief on the upper part of the stele of hammurabi s code of laws sumerian edit archaeological evidence attests to their existence during the 5th millennium bc the sumerians decorated their pottery with cedar oil paints the sumerians also developed jewelry a notable example of surviving sumerian art is the standard of ur dated to approximately 2500 bc the standard is a wooden box inlaid with shells and lapis lazuli depicting soldiers presenting their king with prisoners on one side and peasants presenting him with gifts on the other cuneiform tablet 3100 2900 bc clay 5 5 x 6 x 4 15 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city standing male worshiper one of the twelve statues in the tell asmar hoard 2900 2600 bc gypsum alabaster shell black limestone and bitumen 29 5 x 12 9 x 10 cm metropolitan museum of art headdress 2600 2500 bc gold the leaves lapis lazuli the blue beads and carnelian the orange beads length 38 5 cm metropolitan museum of art ram in a thicket 2600 2400 bc gold copper shell lapis lazuli and limestone height 45 7 cm from the royal cemetery at ur dhi qar governorate iraq british museum london standard of ur 2600 2400 bc shell red limestone and lapis lazuli on wood length 49 5 cm from the royal cemetery at ur british museum bull s head ornament from a lyre 2600 2350 bc bronze inlaid with shell and lapis lazuli height 13 3 cm width 10 5 cm metropolitan museum of art golden helmet of meskalamdug poss...
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