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it spread in mining camps and waterways due to poor sanitation the disease was generally a major cause of death for emigrants about one tenth of whom died during their journeys citation needed perhaps from traders the cholera epidemic reached the plains indians in 1849 resulting in severe loss of life during the summer of that year historians estimate about 2 000 cheyenne died one half to two thirds of their population there were significant losses among other tribes as well which weakened their social structures perhaps because of severe loss of trade during the 1849 season bent s fort was abandoned and burned 32 fort laramie treaty of 1851 edit arapaho and cheyenne 1851 treaty territory area 426 and 477 area 477 is the reserve established by treaty of fort wise february 18 1861 cheyenne warrior alights on the cloud in his armor he was killed during an attack on a pawnee hunting camp in 1852 in 1846 thomas fitzpatrick was appointed us indian agent for the upper arkansas and platte river his efforts to negotiate with the northern cheyenne the arapaho and other tribes led to a great council at fort laramie in 1851 treaties were negotiated by a commission consisting of fitzpatrick and david dawson mitchell us superintendent of indian affairs with the indians of the northern plains citation needed to reduce intertribal warfare on the plains the government officials assigned territories to each tribe and had them pledge mutual peace in addition the government secured permission to build and maintain roads for european american travelers and traders through indian country on the plains such as the emigrant trail and the santa fe trail and to maintain forts to guard them the tribes were compensated with annuities of cash and supplies for such encroachment on their territories the fort laramie treaty of 1851 affirmed the cheyenne and arapaho territory on the great plains between the north platte river and the arkansas this territory included what is now colorado east of the front range of the rockies and north of the arkansas river wyoming and nebraska south of the north platte river and extreme western kansas 33 punitive us expedition of 1857 edit in april 1856 an incident at the platte river bridge near present day casper wyoming resulted in the wounding of a cheyenne warrior he returned to the cheyenne on the plains during the summer of 1856 indians attacked travelers along the emigrant trail near fort kearny in retaliation the us cavalry attacked a cheyenne camp on grand island in nebraska they killed ten cheyenne warriors and wounded eight or more citation needed cheyenne parties attacked at least three emigrant settler parties before returning to the republican river the indian agent at fort laramie negotiated with the cheyenne to reduce hostilities but the secretary of war ordered the 1st cavalry regiment 1855 to carry out a punitive expedition under the command of colonel edwin v sumner he went against the cheyenne in the spring of 1857 major john sedgwick led part of the expedition up the arkansas river and via fountain creek to the south platte river sumner s command went west along the north platte to fort laramie then down along the front range to the south platte the combined force of 400 troops went east through the plains searching for cheyenne 34 35 36 under the influence of the medicine man white bull also called ice and grey beard also called dark the cheyenne went into battle believing that strong spiritual medicine would prevent the soldiers guns from firing they were told that if they dipped their hands in a nearby spring they had only to raise their hands to repel army bullets hands raised the cheyenne surrounded the advancing troops as they advanced near the solomon river sumner ordered a cavalry charge and the troops charged with drawn sabers the cheyenne fled with tired horses after long marches the cavalry could not engage more than a few cheyenne as their horses were fresh citation needed this was the first battle that the cheyenne fought against the us army casualties were few on each side j e b stuart then a young lieutenant was shot in the breast while attacking a cheyenne warrior with a sabre the troops continued on and two days later burned a hastily abandoned cheyenne camp they destroyed lodges and the winter supply of buffalo meat 35 36 34 37 sumner continued to bent s fort to punish the cheyenne he distributed their annuities to the arapaho he intended further punitive actions but the army ordered him to utah because of an outbreak of trouble with the mormons this would be known as the utah war the cheyenne moved below the arkansas into kiowa and comanche country in the fall the northern cheyenne returned to their country north of the platte 35 34 38 pike s peak gold rush edit morning star aka dull knife cheyenne vóóhéhéve or lakota tamílapéšni chief of northern cheyenne at battle of little bighorn chief black kettle of the southern cheyenne an advocate of peace among his people starting in 1859 with the colorado gold rush european american settlers moved into lands reserved for the cheyenne and other plains indians travel greatly increased along the emigrant trail along the south platte river and some emigrants stopped before going on to california for several years there was peace between settlers and indians the only conflicts were related to the endemic warfare between the cheyenne and arapaho of the plains and the utes of the mountains citation needed us negotiations with black kettle and other cheyenne favoring peace resulted in the treaty of fort wise it established a small reservation for the cheyenne in southeastern colorado in exchange for the territory agreed to in the fort laramie treaty of 1851 many cheyenne did not sign the treaty and they continued to live and hunt on their traditional grounds in the smoky hill and republican basins between the arkansas and the south platte where there were plentiful buffalo 39 efforts to make a wider peace continued but in the spring of 1864 john evans governor of colorado territory and john chivington commander of the colorado volunteers a citizens militia began a series of attacks on indians camping or hunting on the plains they killed any indian on sight and initiated the colorado war general warfare broke out and indians made many raids on the trail along the south platte which denver depended on for supplies the army closed the road from august 15 until september 24 1864 39 sand creek massacre edit further information sand creek massacre on november 29 1864 the colorado militia attacked a cheyenne and arapaho encampment under chief black kettle although it flew a flag of truce and indicated its allegiance to the us government the sand creek massacre as it came to be known resulted in the death of between 150 and 200 cheyenne mostly unarmed women and children the survivors fled northeast and joined the camps of the cheyenne on the smoky hill and republican rivers there warriors smoked the war pipe passing it from camp to camp among the sioux cheyenne and arapaho 40 in january 1865 they planned and carried out a retaliatory attack with about 1000 warriors on camp rankin a stage station and fort at julesburg the indians made numerous raids along the south platte both east and west of julesburg and raided the fort again in early february they captured much loot and killed many european americans most of the indians moved north into nebraska on their way to the black hills and the powder river 40 see battle of julesburg battle of mud springs battle of rush creek powder river expedition battle of platte bridge black kettle continued to desire peace and did not join in the second raid or in the plan to go north to the powder river country he left the large camp and returned with 80 lodges of his tribesmen to the arkansas river where he intended to seek peace with the us 41 battle of washita river edit further information battle of washita river four years later on november 27 1868 george armstrong custer and his troops attacked black kettle s band at the battle of washita river although his band was camped on a defined reservation complying with the government s orders some of its members had been linked to raiding into kansas by bands operating out of the indian territory custer claimed 103 cheyenne warriors and an unspecified number of women and children killed whereas different cheyenne informants named between 11 and 18 men mostly 10 cheyenne 2 arapaho 1 mexican trader and between 17 and 25 women and children killed in the village citation needed there are conflicting claims as to whether the band was hostile or friendly historians believe that chief black kettle head of the band was not part of the war party but the peace party within the cheyenne nation but he did not command absolute authority over members of his band and the european americans did not understand this when younger members of the band took part in raiding parties european americans blamed the entire band for the incidents and casualties citation needed battle of the little bighorn edit the northern cheyenne fought in the battle of the little bighorn which took place on june 25 1876 the cheyenne together with the lakota other sioux warriors and a small band of arapaho killed general george armstrong custer and much of his 7th cavalry contingent of soldiers historians have estimated that the population of the cheyenne lakota and arapaho encampment along the little bighorn river was approximately 10 000 making it one of the largest gatherings of native americans in north america in pre reservation times news of the event traveled across the united states and reached washington d c just as the nation was celebrating its centennial public reaction arose in outrage against the cheyenne citation needed northern cheyenne exodus edit main articles northern cheyenne exodus fort robinson tragedy and murder trial of seven cheyenne 1879 little coyote little wolf and morning star dull knife chiefs of the northern cheyenne cheyenne prisoners in kansas involved in escape northward from left to right tangle hair wild hog strong left hand george reynolds interpreter old crow noisy walker porcupine and blacksmith all prisoners were released free from charges following the battle of the little bighorn the us army increased attempts to capture the cheyenne in 1879 after the dull knife fight when crazy horse surrendered at fort robinson a few cheyenne chiefs and their people surrendered as well they were morning star aka dull knife standing elk and wild hog with around 130 cheyenne later that year two moons surrendered at fort keogh with 300 cheyenne the cheyenne wanted and expected to live on the reservation with the sioux in accordance to an april 29 1868 treaty of fort laramie which both dull knife and little wolf had signed 42 as part of a us increase in troops following the battle of the little bighorn the army reassigned colonel ranald s mackenzie and his fourth cavalry to the department of the platte stationed initially at camp robinson they formed the core of the powder river expedition it departed in october 1876 to locate the northern cheyenne villages on november 25 1876 his column discovered and defeated a village of northern cheyenne in the dull knife fight in wyoming territory after the soldiers destroyed the lodges and supplies and confiscated the horses the northern cheyenne soon surrendered they hoped to remain with the sioux in the north but the us pressured them to locate with the southern cheyenne on their reservation in indian territory after a difficult council the northern cheyenne eventually agreed to go south citation needed when the northern cheyenne arrived at indian territory conditions were very difficult rations were inadequate there were no buffalo near the reservation and according to several sources there was malaria among the people on 9 september 1878 a portion of the northern cheyenne led by little wolf and dull knife started their trek back to the north after fighting battles with the u s army at turkey springs and punished woman s fork and reaching the northern area they split into two bands that led by dull knife mostly women children and elders surrendered and were taken to fort robinson where subsequent events became known as the fort robinson tragedy dull knife s group was first offered food and firewood and then after a week and a half they were told to go back to indian territory when they said no they were then locked in the wooden barracks with no food water or firewood for heat for four days most escaped in an estimated forty degrees below zero on january 9 1879 but all were recaptured or killed 42 43 eventually the us forced the northern cheyenne onto a reservation in southern montana 42 43 44 northern cheyenne indian reservation edit main article northern cheyenne indian reservation flag of the northern cheyenne tribe of the northern cheyenne indian reservation in montana white buffalo a northern cheyenne chief who received the rank of sergeant in the united states army the cheyenne who traveled to fort keogh present day miles city montana including little wolf settled near the fort 42 many of the cheyenne worked with the army as scouts the cheyenne scouts were pivotal in helping the army find chief joseph and his band of nez percé in northern montana fort keogh became a staging and gathering point for the northern cheyenne many families began to migrate south to the tongue river watershed area where they established homesteads 45 map of indian reservations in the state of montana including the northern cheyenne reservation the us established the tongue river indian reservation now named the northern cheyenne indian reservation of 371 200 acres 1 502 km 2 by the executive order of president chester a arthur november 16 1884 it excluded cheyenne who had homesteaded further east near the tongue river the western boundary is the crow indian reservation on march 19 1900 president william mckinley extended the reservation to the west bank of the tongue river making a total of 444 157 acres 1 797 km 2 those who had homesteaded east of the tongue river were relocated to the west of the river 45 the northern cheyenne who were sharing the lakota land at pine ridge indian reservation were finally allowed to return to the tongue river on their own reservation along with the lakota and apache the cheyenne were the last nations to be overpowered and forced on reservations the seminole tribe of florida never made a treaty with the us government citation needed the northern cheyenne were given the right to remain in the north near the black hills land which they consider sacred the cheyenne also managed to retain their culture religion and language today the northern cheyenne nation is one of the few american indian nations to have control over the majority of its land base currently 98 citation needed culture edit cheyenne courting 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