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condemned as a criminal organisation along with the ss 97 however gestapo leader heinrich müller was never tried as he disappeared at the end of the war 165 f german gestapo agents arrested after the liberation of liège belgium are pictured in a cell at the citadel of liège october 1944 leaders organisers investigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit the crimes specified were declared responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan the official positions of defendants as heads of state or holders of high government offices were not to free them from responsibility or mitigate their punishment nor was that a defendant acted pursuant to an order of a superior to excuse him from responsibility although it might be considered by the imt in mitigation of punishment 97 at the trial of any individual member of any group or organisation the imt was authorised to declare in connection with any act of which the individual was convicted that the group or organisation to which he belonged was a criminal organisation when a group or organisation was thus declared criminal the competent national authority of any signatory had the right to bring persons to trial for membership in that organisation with the criminal nature of the group or organisation assumed proved 166 the imt subsequently convicted three of the groups the nazi leadership corps the ss including the sd and the gestapo gestapo members hermann göring ernst kaltenbrunner and arthur seyss inquart were individually convicted while three groups were acquitted of collective war crimes charges this did not relieve individual members of those groups from conviction and punishment under the denazification programme members of the three convicted groups however were subject to apprehension by britain the united states the soviet union and france 167 these groups the nazi party and government leadership the german general staff and high command okw the sturmabteilung sa the schutzstaffel ss including the sicherheitsdienst sd and the gestapo had an aggregate membership exceeding two million making a large number of their members liable to trial when the organisations were convicted 168 aftermath see also ratlines world war ii in 1997 cologne transformed the former regional gestapo headquarters in cologne the el de haus into a museum to document the gestapo s actions 169 after the war u s counterintelligence corps employed the former lyon gestapo chief klaus barbie for his anti communist efforts and also helped him escape to bolivia 170 leadership no portrait chief took office left office time in office party 1 diels rudolf rudolf diels 1900 1957 26 april 1933 20 april 1934 359 days nsdap 2 heydrich reinhard reinhard heydrich 1904 1942 22 april 1934 27 september 1939 5 years 158 days nsdap 3 müller heinrich heinrich müller 1900 1945 27 september 1939 may 1945 5 years 7 months nsdap timeline principal agents and officers heinrich baab sipo sd frankfurt klaus barbie sipo sd lyon werner best sipo sd copenhagen karl bömelburg head of gestapo southern france theodor dannecker sipo sd paris rudolf diels gestapo chief 1933 1934 adolf eichmann rsha berlin gerhard flesch hermann göring founder of the gestapo viktor harnischfeger düsseldorf gestapo criminal commissar reinhard heydrich sd sipo gestapo chief 1934 1939 rsha chief 1939 1942 heinrich himmler reichsführer ss ernst kaltenbrunner rsha chief 1943 1945 herbert kappler sd chief rome werner knab helmut knochen paris kurt lischka paris ernst misselwitz hauptscharführer sipo sd paris heinrich müller gestapo chief 1939 1945 carl oberg paris pierre paoli head of gestapo central france oswald poche chief of frankfurt lindenstrasse station henry rinnan norwegian agent karl eberhard schöngarth sipo sd general government netherlands max wielen ranks and uniforms the gestapo was a secretive plainclothes agency and agents typically wore civilian suits there were strict protocols protecting the identity of gestapo field personnel when asked for identification an operative was required only to present his warrant disc and not a picture identification this disc identified the operative as a member of the gestapo without revealing personal information except when ordered to do so by an authorised official 171 leitstellung district office staff did wear the grey ss service uniform but with police pattern shoulderboards and ss rank insignia on the left collar patch the right collar patch was black without the sig runes the sd sleeve diamond sd raute insignia was worn on the lower left sleeve even by sipo men who were not in the sd uniforms worn by gestapo men assigned to the einsatzgruppen in occupied territories were at first indistinguishable from the waffen ss field uniform complaints from the waffen ss led to a change of rank insignia shoulder boards from those of the waffen ss to those of the ordnungspolizei 172 the gestapo maintained police detective ranks which were used for all officers both those who were and who were not concurrently ss members g junior career senior career orpo equivalent ss equivalent kriminalassistentanwärter wachtmeister unterscharführer kriminalassistent oberwachtmeister scharführer kriminaloberassistent revieroberwachtmeister oberscharführer kriminalsekretär hauptwachtmeister hauptscharführer meister sturmscharführer kriminalobersekretär hilfskriminalkommissar kriminalkommissar auf probe apl kriminalkommissar leutnant untersturmführer kriminalinspektor kriminalkommissar with less than three years in that rank oberleutnant obersturmführer kriminalrat with less than three years in that rank hauptmann hauptsturmführer kriminalrat kriminaldirektor regierungs und kriminalrat major sturmbannführer oberregierungs und kriminalrat oberstleutnant obersturmbannführer regierungs und kriminaldirektor reichskriminaldirektor oberst standartenführer oberführer junior career einfacher vollzugsdienst der sicherheitspolizei laufbahn u 18 ss unterführer der sicherheitspolizei und des sd senior career leitender vollzugsdienst der sicherheitspolizei laufbahn xiv ss führer der sicherheitspolizei und des sd sources 173 rank insignia sicherheitspolizei rank insignia sicherheitsdienst kriminalassistent ss scharführer kriminaloberassistent ss oberscharführer kriminalsekretär ss hauptscharführer kriminalobersekretär ss untersturmführer kriminalinspektor ss obersturmführer kriminalkommissar ss hauptsturmführer kriminalrat with more than three years in the grade ss sturmbannführer kriminaldirektor regierungs und kriminalrat oberregierungs und kriminalrat ss obersturmbannführer regierungs und kriminaldirektor ss standartenführer reichskriminaldirektor ss oberführer source 174 see also geheime feldpolizei hamburg state police headquarters notes operation crossbow was one preliminary missions for operation overlord see operation crossbow preliminary missions for the operation overlord bonhoeffer was an active opponent of nazism in the german resistance movement arrested by the gestapo in 1943 he was sent to buchenwald and later to flossenbürg concentration camp where he was executed 60 the stricter laws did not apply to lesbians as their behaviour was never officially criminalised even though their behaviours were labelled deviant 68 more than that the anglo american common language and capital interests kept stalin at a distance since he felt the other allied powers were hoping the fascists and communists would destroy one another 81 petschek palace was the gestapo headquarters in prague see for instance the following article in radio prague international https english radio cz petscheks palace once headquarters nazi secret police 8575365 there were reports that müller ended up in the foreign secret service at washington d c some allege he was in moscow working for the soviets still others claimed he escaped to south america but none of the myths have ever been proven all of which adds to the mysterious power of the gestapo 165 although an agent in uniform wore the collar insignia of the equivalent ss rank he was still addressed as e g herr kriminalrat not sturmbannführer the stock character of the gestapo major usually dressed in the prewar black ss uniform is a figment of hollywood s imagination citations gellately 1992 p 44 wallbaum 2009 p 43 childers 2017 p 235 1 2 johnson 1999 pp 483 485 1 2 snyder 1994 p 242 delarue 1964 pp 393 394 buchheim 1968 p 145 buchheim 1968 p 146 flaherty 2004 pp 64 65 shirer 1990 p 270 miller 2006 p 433 flaherty 2004 pp 64 66 flaherty 2004 p 66 evans 2005 p 54 williams 2001 p 61 tuchel schattenfroh 1987 p 80 tuchel schattenfroh 1987 pp 82 83 delarue 2008 pp 102 103 evans 2006 p 29 benz 2007 p 50 burleigh 2000 p 159 benz 2007 p 51 benz 2007 p 53 dams stolle 2014 pp 14 15 dams stolle 2014 p 15 1 2 3 4 5 williams 2001 p 77 1 2 longerich 2012 p 204 longerich 2012 p 201 weale 2010 p 132 dams stolle 2014 p 17 mcnab 2009 p 156 shirer 1990 p 271 1 2 longerich 2012 pp 469 470 1 2 weale 2010 p 131 1 2 longerich 2012 p 661 weale 2010 p 145 ushmm law and justice in the third reich gruchmann 1981 p 395 manchester 2003 p 519 smith 2004 pp 262 274 us national archives german police records opened at the national archives breitman 2005 p 139 boeckl klamper mang neugebauer 2018 pp 299 305 broucek 2008 p 414 thurner 2017 p 187 boeckl klamper mang neugebauer 2018 p 300 delarue 2008 pp 126 140 merson 1985 p 50 longerich 2019 pp 311 312 longerich 2019 p 312 1 2 delarue 2008 p 21 longerich 2019 pp 312 313 gellately 1992 pp 106 112 gellately 1992 pp 111 112 gellately 1992 pp 94 100 mcdonough 2005 pp 30 40 schmid 1947 pp 61 63 benz 2007 pp 42 47 mcdonough 2005 pp 32 33 burleigh 2000 p 727 berben 1975 pp 141 142 berben 1975 p 142 steigmann gall 2003 pp 251 252 1 2 gellately 2020 p 176 mcdonough 2017 p 160 1 2 mcdonough 2017 p 181 gellately 2020 pp 176 177 1 2 mcdonough 2017 p 180 gellately 2020 p 177 mcdonough 2005 pp 21 29 williamson 2002 pp 118 119 delarue 2008 p 318 johnson 1999 p 306 hoffmann 1977 p 28 hoffmann 1977 pp 29 30 hoffmann 1977 p 30 hoffmann 1977 pp 30 32 dams stolle 2014 p 58 hoffmann 1977 p 121 reitlinger 1989 p 144 overy 1997 pp 245 281 hildebrand 1984 pp 86 87 benz 2007 pp 245 249 reitlinger 1989 p 323 höhne 2001 p 532 höhne 2001 p 537 spielvogel 1992 p 256 peukert 1989 pp 198 199 mcnab 2009 p 150 manvell fraenkel 2011 p 97 manvell fraenkel 2011 pp 97 98 weale 2012 p 85 mcnab 2009 pp 150 162 tuchel schattenfroh 1987 p 72 weale 2010 pp 134 135 browder 1996 p 103 1 2 3 avalon project nazi conspiracy and aggression mcnab 2009 pp 160 161 mcnab 2009 p 47 buchheim 1968 pp 146 147 mcdonough 2017 p 49 mcdonough 2017 p 48 49 230 233 state of israel 1992 p 69 kershaw 2008 p 671 ahlers 2001 pp 33 36 1 2 gellately 1992 p 50 1 2 3 dams stolle 2014 p 34 1 2 gellately 1992 p 51 gellately 1992 pp 54 55 1 2 gellately 1992 p 59 dams stolle 2014 p 30 dams stolle 2014 p 31 browder 1996 pp 33 34 browder 1996 pp 88 90 höhne 2001 pp 186 193 1 2 mcnab 2009 p 163 mallmann paul 1994 p 174 trentmann 2023 p 41 1 2 3 mallmann paul 1994 p 181 gellately 1992 pp 132 150 gellately 1992 pp 11 12 22 1 2 rees 1997 p 65 1 2 mallmann paul 1994 p 175 gellately 1992 p 136 1 2 3 rees 1997 p 64 mallmann paul 1994 pp 168 169 mallmann paul 1994 pp 172 173 gellately 1992 p 162 gellately 1992 p 146 gellately 1992 p 259 gellately 1992 pp 49 146 gellately 1992 pp 151 152 1 2 3 4 5 gellately 1992 p 48 gellately 1992 p 49 dams stolle 2014 p 35 evans 2006 p 114 1 2 evans 2006 p 115 delarue 2008 pp 83 140 dams stolle 2014 p 82 gellately 1992 p 130 1 2 gellately 1992 p 131 gellately 1992 p 132 dams stolle 2014 pp 74 80 ayçoberry 1999 p 272 evans 2006 p 101 gellately 1992 pp 119 123 johnson 1999 pp 85 89 ulrich 1998 pp 60 81 lemkin 2008 pp 15 17 russell 2002 p 7 ushmm gestapo 1 2 russell 2002 p 10 craig 1973 pp 43 44 craig 1973 p 44 crankshaw 2002 pp 147 148 hesse kufeke sander 2010 pp 177 179 350 352 1 2 hilberg 1992 p 92 hilberg 1992 p 93 skibińska 2012 pp 84 88 89 94 106 holbraad 2017 pp 46 47 holbraad 2017 p 47 rajsfus 1995 pp 51 52 bernstein 1947 pp 267 275 evans 2010 pp 741 743 1 2 dams stolle 2014 pp 176 177 bernstein 1947 pp 246 259 dams stolle 2014 pp 158 161 dams stolle 2014 pp 159 161 the national socialist document center of cologne bönisch wiegrefe 2011 frei 1993 pp 106 107 mollo 1992 pp 33 36 banach 2013 p 64 mollo 1992 pp 38 39 54 bibliography ahlers sieglinde 2001 frauen in der polizei in doris freer ed von griet zu emma beiträge zur geschichte von frauen in duisburg vom mittelalter bis heute pdf duisburg frauenbüro oclc 248422045 archived pdf from the original on 29 november 2020 avalon project yale university nazi conspiracy and aggression washington dc us government printing office retrieved 8 september 2014 ayçoberry pierre 1999 the social history of the third reich 1933 1945 new york the new press isbn 978 1 56584 635 7 banach jens 2013 polizei im ns system ausbildung und rekrutierung in der sicherheitspolizei in hans jürgen lange ed die polizei der gesellschaft zur soziologie der inneren sicherheit in german opladen vs verlag für sozialwissenschaften isbn 978 3 663 09757 0 bauz ingrid sigrid brüggemann roland maier eds 2013 die geheime staatspolizei in württemberg und hohenzollern stuttgart schmetterling isbn 3 89657 138 9 benz wolfgang 2007 a concise history of the third reich berkeley and los angeles university of california press isbn 978 0 520 25383 4 berben paul 1975 dachau 1933 45 the official history london norfolk press isbn 978 0 85211 009 6 bernstein victor h 1947 final judgment the story of nuremberg new york boni gaer isbn 978 1 163 16417 4 cite book isbn date incompatibility help boeckl klamper elisabeth mang thomas neugebauer wolfgang 2018 gestapo leitstelle wien 1938 1945 in german wien edition steinbauer isbn 978 3 90249 483 2 bönisch georg wiegrefe klaus 20 january 2011 from nazi to criminal to post war spy german intelligence hired klaus barbie as agent der spiegel breitman richard 2005 u s intelligence and the nazis cambridge and new york cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 61794 9 broucek peter 2008 militärischer widerstand studien zur österreichischen staatsgesinnung und ns abwehr in german wien böhlau isbn 978 3 20577 728 1 browder george c 1996 hitler s enforcers the gestapo and the ss security service in the nazi revolution oxford and new york oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 820297 4 buchheim hans 1968 the ss instrument of domination in krausnick helmut buchheim hans broszat martin jacobsen hans adolf eds anatomy of the ss state new york walker and company isbn 978 0 00 211026 6 burleigh michael 2000 the third reich a new history new york hill and wang isbn 978 0 8090 9325 0 childers thomas 2017 the third reich a history of nazi germany new york simon schuster isbn 978 1 45165 113 3 craig william 1973 enemy at the gates the battle for stalingrad 1st ed old saybrook ct konecky konecky isbn 1 56852 368 8 crankshaw edwa...
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