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onarchy 3 5 hybrid 4 see also 5 notes 6 references 7 further reading 8 external links toggle the table of contents political system 57 languages aragonés العربية asturianu azərbaycanca беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български bosanski čeština dansk deutsch zazaki esperanto español euskara فارسی suomi français hausa עברית हिन्दी hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 jawa қазақша 한국어 кыргызча lietuvių latviešu мокшень македонски bahasa melayu norsk bokmål polski română русский scots slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 閩南語 bân lâm gí 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia system of politics and government part of a series on politics outline index category primary topics outline of political science index of politics articles politics by country politics by subdivision political economy political history political history of the world political philosophy systems anarchy city state collective leadership confessional democracy dictatorship directorial federacy feudalism hybrid regime meritocracy monarchy parliamentary presidential republic semi parliamentary semi presidential theocracy academic disciplines political science political scientists international relations theory comparative politics election science political analysis political theory policy studies political psychology political sociology public administration bureaucracy street level technocracy adhocracy service public civil policy public policy doctrine domestic policy foreign policy civil society public interest government branches separation of powers legislature executive judiciary election commission related topics sovereignty polity state country biology and political orientation critique of political economy political censorship political organisations theories of political behavior subseries electoral systems elections voting unitarism federalism government forms governance ideology culture political campaigning political parties politics portal v t e in political science a political system means the form of political organization that can be observed recognised or otherwise declared by a society or state 1 it defines the process for making official government decisions it usually comprizes the governmental legal and economic system social and cultural system and other state and government specific systems however this is a very simplified view of a much more complex system of categories involving the questions of who should have authority and what the government influence on its people and economy should be along with a basic sociological and socio anthropological classification political systems can be classified on a social cultural axis relative to the liberal values prevalent in the western world where the spectrum is represented as a continuum between political systems recognized as democracies totalitarian regimes and sitting between these two authoritarian regimes with a variety of hybrid regimes 2 3 and monarchies may be also included as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three 4 5 definition edit according to david easton a political system can be designated as the interactions through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society 6 political system refers broadly to the process by which laws are made and public resources allocated in society and to the relationships among those involved in making these decisions 7 basic classification edit social anthropologists generally recognize several kinds of political systems often differentiating between ones that they consider uncentralized and ones they consider centralized 8 uncentralized systems band society small family group no larger than an extended family or clan it has been defined as consisting of no more than 30 to 50 individuals a band can cease to exist if only a small group walks out tribe generally larger consisting of many families tribes have more social institutions such as a chief or elders more permanent than bands many tribes are subdivided into bands centralized governments chiefdom more complex than a tribe or a band society and less complex than a state or a civilization characterized by pervasive inequality and centralization of authority a single lineage family of the elite class becomes the ruling elite of the chiefdom complex chiefdoms have two or even three tiers of political hierarchy an autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief 9 sovereign state a sovereign state is a state with a permanent population a defined territory a government and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states supranational political systems supranational political systems are created by independent nations to reach a common goal or gain strength from forming an alliance empires empires are widespread states consisting of people of different ethnicities under a single rule empires such as the romans or british often made considerable progress in ways of political structures creating and building city infrastructures and maintaining civility within the diverse communities because of the intricate organization of the empires they were often able to hold a large majority of power on a universal level leagues leagues are international organizations composed of states coming together for a single common purpose in this way leagues are different from empires as they only seek to fulfil a single goal often leagues are formed on the brink of a military or economic downfall meetings and hearings are conducted in a neutral location with representatives of all involved nations present social political science edit further information list of forms of government the sociological interest in political systems is figuring out who holds power within the relationship between the government and its people and how the government s power is used according to yale professor juan josé linz there are three main types of political systems today democracies totalitarian regimes and sitting between these two authoritarian regimes with hybrid regimes 3 10 another modern classification system includes monarchies as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three 4 scholars generally refer to a dictatorship as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism 11 12 3 13 democracy edit further information types of democracy democracy nb 1 is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a certain state 15 16 17 under a minimalist definition of democracy rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive or maximalist definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections 18 19 17 authoritarianism edit authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo and reductions in democracy separation of powers civil liberties and the rule of law 20 21 authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party the military or the concentration of power in a single person 22 23 states that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have sometimes been characterized as hybrid democracies hybrid regimes or competitive authoritarian states 24 25 26 totalitarian edit totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that completely controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society it is characterized by its prohibition of opposing political parties and its extreme suppression of opposition to the state in the field of political science totalitarianism is the extreme form of authoritarianism wherein all political power is held by a dictator this figure controls the national politics and peoples of the nation with continual propaganda campaigns that are broadcast by state controlled and state aligned private mass communications media 27 monarchy edit a monarchy is a hereditary arrangement in which the position of head of state which may or may not be associated with political power is legally passed on to a family member of the monarch a head of state who reigns for life 28 29 while most monarchs gain their position based on various hereditary succession laws they can occasionally gain their authority via election 30 monarchies have historically been a common form of government nearly half of all independent states at the start of the 19th century were monarchies 31 after reaching a peak in the middle of the 19th century the proportion of monarchies in the world has steadily declined 31 republics replaced many monarchies notably at the end of world war i and world war ii 31 32 33 hybrid edit further information democratization and democratic backsliding a hybrid regime a is a type of political system often created as a result of an incomplete democratic transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one or vice versa b hybrid regimes are categorized as having a combination of autocratic features with democratic ones and can simultaneously hold political repressions and regular elections according to some definitions and measures hybrid regimes are commonly found in developing countries with abundant natural resources such as petro states 43 41 44 although these regimes experience civil unrest they may be relatively stable and tenacious for decades at a time there has been a rise in hybrid regimes since the end of the cold war 45 46 the term hybrid regime arises from a polymorphic view of political regimes that oppose the dichotomy of autocracy or democracy 47 modern scholarly analysis of hybrid regimes focuses attention on the decorative nature of democratic institutions elections do not lead to a change of power different media broadcast the government point of view and the opposition in parliament votes the same way as the ruling party among others 48 while most maintain a veneer of democracy to appease international standards some scholars contend these regimes deliberately imitate a full dictatorship to project strength and suppress internal dissent 49 50 see also edit anocracy cartel party theory political structure polity systems theory in political science tractatus politicus voting system notes edit scholars use a variety of terms to encompass the grey zones between full autocracies and full democracies 34 page needed such terms include competitive authoritarianism semi authoritarianism hybrid authoritarianism electoral authoritarianism liberal autocracy delegative democracy illiberal democracy guided democracy semi democracy deficient democracy defective democracy and hybrid democracy 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 debates over what can be called hybrid still exist see hybrid regime definition from ancient greek δημοκρατία romanized dēmokratía from dēmos people and krátos rule 14 references edit political system types components functions facts britannica dobratz b a 2015 power politics and society an introduction to political sociology taylor francis p 47 isbn 978 1 317 34529 9 retrieved apr 30 2023 1 2 3 juan josé linz 2000 totalitarian and authoritarian regimes lynne rienner publisher p 143 isbn 978 1 55587 890 0 oclc 1172052725 1 2 ginny garcia alexander hyeyoung woo matthew j carlson 3 november 2017 social foundations of behavior for the health sciences springer pp 137 isbn 978 3 319 64950 4 oclc 1013825392 14 2 types of political systems 8 april 2016 archived from the original on 22 october 2022 retrieved 19 october 2022 easton david 1971 the political system an inquiry into the state of political science knopf oclc 470276419 political system encyclopedia com www encyclopedia com haviland w a 2003 anthropology tenth edition wadsworth belmont ca carneiro robert l 2011 the chiefdom precursor of the state in jones grant d kautz robert r eds the transition to statehood in the new world new directions in archaeology cambridge england cambridge university press pp 37 79 isbn 978 0 521 17269 1 jonathan michie ed 3 february 2014 reader s guide to the social sciences routledge p 95 isbn 978 1 135 93226 8 allan todd sally waller 10 september 2015 allan todd sally waller eds history for the ib diploma paper 2 authoritarian states 20th century cambridge university press pp 10 isbn 978 1 107 55889 2 ezrow frantz 2011 pp 14 17 sfn error no target citerefezrowfrantz2011 help sondrol p c 2009 totalitarian and authoritarian dictators a comparison of fidel castro and alfredo stroessner journal of latin american studies 23 3 599 620 doi 10 1017 s0022216x00015868 jstor 157386 s2cid 144333167 smith bonnie g ed 2008 democracy the oxford encyclopedia women in world history oxford university press retrieved 24 february 2021 schwartzberg melissa 2014 democracy the encyclopedia of political thought pp 851 862 doi 10 1002 9781118474396 wbept0248 isbn 978 1 4051 9129 6 democracy definition history meaning types examples facts encyclopædia britannica 16 august 2023 retrieved 17 august 2023 1 2 przeworski adam 2024 who decides what is democratic journal of democracy 35 3 5 16 doi 10 1353 jod 2024 a930423 issn 1086 3214 dahl robert a shapiro ian cheibub jose antonio 2003 the democracy sourcebook mit press p 31 isbn 978 0 262 54147 3 møller jørgen skaaning svend erik jan 2013 regime types and democratic sequencing journal of democracy 24 1 142 155 doi 10 1353 jod 2013 0010 issn 1045 5736 archived from the original on 22 february 2024 kalu kalu n 2019 a functional theory of government law and institutions rowman littlefield pp 161 isbn 978 1 4985 8703 7 oclc 1105988740 cerutti furio 2017 conceptualizing politics an introduction to political philosophy routledge p 17 political scientists have outlined elaborated typologies of authoritarianism from which it is not easy to draw a generally accepted definition it seems that its main features are the non acceptance of conflict and plurality as normal elements of politics the will to preserve the status quo and prevent change by keeping all political dynamics under close control by a strong central power and lastly the erosion of the rule of law the division of powers and democratic voting procedures ezrow natasha m frantz erica 2011 dictators and dictatorships understanding authoritarian regimes and their leaders bloomsbury academic p 17 isbn 978 1 4411 7396 6 lai brian slater dan 2006 institutions of the offensive domestic 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