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omestically through the scientific outlook on development which aimed to build a harmonious socialist society under his leadership the authorities also cracked down on social disturbances ethnic minority protests and dissident figures which also led to many controversial events such as the unrest in tibet and the passing of the anti secession law in foreign policy hu advocated for china s peaceful development pursuing soft power in international relations and a corporate approach to diplomacy throughout hu s tenure china s influence in africa latin america and other developing regions increased in latin america the pink tide was a political wave and perception of a turn towards left wing governments in latin american democracies moving away from the neoliberal economic model at the start of the 21st century the ideology of such governments was variously described as post neoliberalism or socialism of the 21st century leaders who have advocated for this form of socialism include hugo chávez of venezuela néstor kirchner of argentina rafael correa of ecuador evo morales of bolivia and luiz inácio lula da silva of brazil 74 following its bolivarian revolution venezuela tried to export its ideology of bolivarianism into other countries of the region 75 establishing and seating regional organisations such as alba the community of latin american and caribbean states and petrocaribe some pink tide governments have been varyingly characterized by some of its critics as being anti american 76 77 and populist 78 79 80 and particularly in the case of venezuela and nicaragua as authoritarian 79 81 2010s edit the arab spring was a series of anti government protests uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the arab world in the early 2010s it began in response to corruption and economic stagnation and was influenced by the tunisian revolution 82 83 from tunisia the protests then spread to five other countries libya egypt yemen syria and bahrain where either the ruler was deposed zine el abidine ben ali muammar gaddafi hosni mubarak and ali abdullah saleh or major uprisings and social violence occurred including riots civil wars or insurgencies sustained street demonstrations also took place in morocco iraq algeria lebanon jordan kuwait oman and sudan the wave of initial revolutions and protests faded by mid 2012 as many arab spring demonstrations met with violent responses from authorities as well as from pro government militias counter demonstrators and militaries large scale conflicts resulted the syrian civil war 84 85 the rise of isil insurgency in iraq and the following civil war 86 the egyptian crisis coup and subsequent unrest and insurgency 87 the libyan civil war and the yemeni crisis and following civil war 88 some referred to the succeeding conflicts as the arab winter 84 85 86 among the effects of the conflicts were the 2015 european migrant crisis the handling of the european debt crisis led to the premature end of several european national governments and influenced the outcome of many elections following the may 2012 greek parliamentary election where the popularity of pasok dropped from 42 5 in 2010 to as low as 7 in some polls in 2012 89 the term pasokification was subsequently coined to describe the decline of centre left social democratic political parties in european and other western countries during the 2010s often accompanied by the rise of nationalist left wing and right wing populist alternatives 90 91 in europe the share of votes for such parties was at its 70 year lowest in 2015 92 populist and far right political parties in turn proved very successful throughout europe in the late 2010s the 2017 french presidential election caused a radical shift in french politics as the prevailing parties of the republicans and socialists failed to make it to the second round of voting with far right marine le pen and political newcomer emmanuel macron instead facing each other 93 on 22 february 2014 ukrainian president viktor yanukovych was ousted from office as a result of the euromaidan and the revolution of dignity which broke out after his decision to reject the european union ukraine association agreement and instead pursue closer ties with russia and the eurasian economic union shortly after yanukovych s overthrow and exile to russia ukraine s eastern and southern regions erupted with pro russia unrest simultaneously unmarked russian troops moved into ukraine s crimea and took control of strategic positions and infrastructure including the crimean parliament on 27 february 2014 subsequently annexing the region in april 2014 russian separatists in eastern ukraine proclaimed the establishment of the donetsk people s republic in ukraine s donetsk oblast and the luhansk people s republic in ukraine s luhansk oblast with direct russian military involvement in the subsequent war in donbas against ukraine 94 in the united kingdom as part of a campaign pledge to win votes from eurosceptics 95 conservative prime minister david cameron promised to hold a referendum if his government was re elected his government subsequently held a referendum on continued eu membership in 2016 in which voters chose to leave the eu with 51 9 per cent of the vote share this led to his resignation his replacement by theresa may and four years of negotiations with the eu on the terms of departure and on future relations completed under a boris johnson government with government control remaining with the conservative party in this period in the united states donald trump won the 2016 united states presidential election as the republican nominee against democratic nominee hillary clinton his political positions were described as populist protectionist isolationist and nationalist in asia neo nationalism spread successfully as well chinese communist party general secretary xi jinping s concept of chinese dream was described as an expression of new nationalism 96 it pride in the historic chinese civilisation embracing the teachings of confucius and other ancient chinese sages and thus rejecting the anti confucius campaign of party chairman mao zedong 97 indian prime minister narendra modi assumed office in 2014 as a member of the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh rss a right wing paramilitary 98 organisation aligned with the bharatiya janata party which has also been said to advocate a neo nationalist ideology 99 in japan the 63rd prime minister shinzō abe in office from 2012 to 2020 a member of the right wing organisation nippon kaigi also promoted ideas of new nationalism 100 the philippine president rodrigo duterte assumed office in 2016 and his party pdp laban adopted filipino nationalism as a platform as well 101 the conservative wave emerged in the mid 2010s in latin america as the influence of leftist governments declined in argentina as the conservative liberal mauricio macri succeeded the peronist cristina fernández de kirchner in 2015 in brazil there was dilma rousseff s impeachment process that resulted in rousseff s departure and the rise of her vice president michel temer to power in 2016 in peru the conservative economist pedro pablo kuczynski succeeded ollanta humala in chile the conservative sebastián piñera succeeded the socialist michelle bachelet in 2018 just as it was in 2010 and in 2018 the far right congressman jair bolsonaro became 38th president of brazil 102 however a series of violent protests against austerity measures and income inequality scattered throughout latin america have also recently occurred including the 2019 20 chilean protests 2019 2020 colombian protests 2018 19 haitian protests 2019 ecuadorian protests and the 2021 colombian protests 103 104 a resurgence of the pink tide however was kicked off by mexico in 2018 and argentina in 2019 2020s edit in 2022 russia invaded ukraine and began several military and military civilian administrations across captured regions on march 2 russia captured the city of kherson the capital of kherson oblast after capturing the city the russian military began a military occupation of the city on april 26 russia unseated mayor ihor kolykhaiev and replaced him with former kgb agent oleksandr kobets as the mayor of kherson 105 russia also appointed vladimir saldo the new regional administrator for kherson oblast 106 in 2023 following the hamas attack on israel israel began a counter invasion of the gaza strip to unseat and remove hamas from political power and military control of the gaza strip 107 108 109 near the end of 2023 israel captured the city of beit hanoun and removed hamas from power in the city 110 111 however a week later the israeli military withdrew from the city allowing hamas to regain control militarily and politically 112 see also edit history portal politics portal world portal notes edit where did banana republics get their name the economist 21 november 2013 the empire also temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the ottoman sultan and caliph such as the declaration by the sultan of aceh in 1565 or through temporary acquisitions of islands such as lanzarote in the atlantic ocean in 1585 turkish navy official website atlantik te türk denizciliği references edit 1 2 3 4 5 fukuyama francis 2012 the origins of political order from prehuman times to the french revolution farrar straus and giroux isbn 978 0 374 53322 9 eagly alice h wood wendy june 1999 the origins of sex differences in human behavior evolved dispositions versus social roles american psychologist 54 6 408 423 bibcode 1999ampsy 54 408e doi 10 1037 0003 066x 54 6 408 archived from the original on 17 august 2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 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south america vol 3 cambridge university press pp 266 267 isbn 978 0 521 63075 7 archived from the original on 24 june 2016 1 2 daniel glyn 2003 1968 the first civilizations the archaeology of their origins new york phoenix press xiii isbn 1 84212 500 1 daniels patrica s stephen g hyslop douglas brinkley esther ferington lee hassig dale marie herring 2003 toni eugene ed almanac of world history national geographic society p 56 isbn 0 7922 5092 3 permanent dead link marsh erik 2019 temporal inflection points in decorated pottery a bayesian refinement of the late formative chronology in the southern lake titicaca basin bolivia latin american antiquity 30 4 798 817 doi 10 1017 laq 2019 73 hdl 11336 175804 s2cid 213080578 hassig 1988 adkins julie mesoamerican anomaly the pre conquest tarascan state smu edu archived from the original on 19 december 2009 retrieved 19 april 2018 benn charles d 2004 china s golden age everyday life in the tang dynasty oxford university press p 1 isbn 0 19 517665 0 retrieved 2008 12 17 daniels patrica s stephen g hyslop douglas brinkley esther ferington lee hassig dale marie herring 2003 toni eugene ed almanac of world history national geographic society pp 118 21 isbn 0 7922 5092 3 permanent dead link benn charles d 2004 china s golden age everyday life in the tang dynasty oxford university press pp ix isbn 0 19 517665 0 retrieved 2008 12 17 herrmann albert 1970 historical and commercial atlas of china ch eng wen publishing house retrieved 2008 12 17 hucker charles o 1995 china s imperial past an introduction to chinese history and culture stanford university press p 147 isbn 0 8047 2353 2 retrieved 2008 12 17 daniels patrica s stephen g hyslop douglas brinkley esther ferington lee hassig dale marie herring 2003 toni eugene ed almanac of world history national geographic society pp 134 5 isbn 0 7922 5092 3 permanent dead link diamond guns germs and steel p 367 the mongols and russia by george vernadsky gregory g guzman were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history the historian 50 1988 568 70 allsen culture and conquest p 211 the islamic world to 1600 the golden horde university of calgary 1998 archived from the original on 13 november 2010 retrieved 3 december 2010 michael biran qaidu and the rise of the independent mongol state in central asia the curzon press 1997 isbn 0 7007 0631 3 the cambridge history of china alien regimes and border states p 413 jackson mongols and the west p 127 allsen culture and conquest pp xiii 235 howard johnston 2006 9 heraclius victories in the field over the following years and its political repercussions saved the main bastion of christianity in the near east and gravely weakened its old zoroastrian rival haldon 1997 43 45 66 71 114 15 ambivalence toward byzantine rule on the part of miaphysites may have lessened local resistance to the arab expansion haldon 1997 49 50 liska 1998 170 mawer allen 1913 the vikings cambridge university press p 1 the term viking is derived from the old norse vík a bay and means one who haunts a bay creek or fjord in the 9th and 10th centuries it came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in scandinavia and made raids on the chief european countries this is the narrow and technically the only correct use of the term viking but in such expressions as viking civilisation the viking age the viking movement viking influence the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation activity and influence of the scandinavian peoples at a particular period in their history sawyer peter h 1995 scandinavians and the english in the viking age university of cambridge p 3 isbn 095173394x the viking period is therefore best defined as the period when scandinavians played a large role in the british isles and western europe as raiders and conquerors it is also the period in which scandinavians settled in many of the areas they conquered and ...
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