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r generation were already pushing the limits beyond impressionism artist from russia australia america and latin america soon adopted impressionist styles a few of the original impressionist continued producing significant work into the 1910s and 1920s 220 226 227 although not unprecedented many of the techniques used were in contrast to traditional methods paintings were often completed in hours or days with wet paint applied to wet paint opposed to wet on dry paint completed in weeks and months rather than applying glazes and mixed colors pure colors were often applied side by side in thick opaque impasto strokes blending in the eye of the viewer when observed from a distance black was used very sparingly or not at all and defining lines replaced with nuanced strokes of color forming the subjects contours and shapes art historian h w janson said instead of adding to the illusion of real space it strengthens the unity of the actual painted surface 200 impressionist paintings typically depict landscapes portraits still lifes domestic scenes daily leisure and nightlife all treated in a realist manner compositions were often based on unusual perspectives appearing spontaneous and candid the paintings were usually void of didactic symbolic or metaphoric meanings and rarely addressed the biblical mythological and historical subjects that were so highly regarded by the academies or the darker and psychological interest explored by the symbolist the nuances of light shadow atmosphere and reflections of colors from surfaces were examined sometimes emphasizing changes of these elements in time the painting itself was the subject of the painting it was art for art s sake an idea that had been floating around for a few of decades but it perhaps reached a new high and consistency in impressionism 196 220 226 227 at the races in the countryside by edgar degas 1869 oil on canvas 36 5 x 56 cm museum of fine arts boston us 225 boulevard des capucines by claude monet 1873 oil on canvas 80 5 x 60 2 cm nelson atkins museum of art kansas city missouri us 225 hoarfrost old road to ennery pontoise by camille pissarro 1873 oil on canvas 64 7 x 92 6 cm musée d orsay paris 225 banks of the seine near bougival by alfred sisley 1873 oil on canvas 46 2 x 62 1 cm montreal museum of fine arts montreal canada 225 la loge pierre auguste renoir 1874 oil on canvas 80 x 63 4 cm courtauld gallery london 225 the floor scrapers by gustave caillebotte 1875 oil on canvas 1 x 1 54 m musée d orsay 228 paris street rainy day by gustave caillebotte 1877 oil on canvas 212 2 276 2 cm art institute of chicago 228 summer s day by berthe morisot 1879 oil on canvas 45 7 cm 75 2 cm national portrait gallery london 228 a bar at the folies bergère by édouard manet 1881 1882 oil on canvas 96 130 cm courtauld institute of art london 229 ox drawn cart by nicolae grigorescu 1899 oil on canvas 66 x 81 cm national museum of art of romania bucharest romania symbolism c 1860 1915 edit main article symbolism art symbolism emerged in france and belgium in the 3rd quarter of the nineteenth century and spread throughout europe in the 1870s and later to america to a lesser extent it evolved from romanticism without a clear or defining demarcation point although poetry literature and specifically the publication of charles baudelaire s les fleurs du mal the flowers of evil in 1857 were significant in the development of symbolism it had international expression in poetry literature drama and music in architecture the applied arts and decorative arts symbolism closely paralleled and overlapped into art nouveau symbolism is often inextricably linked to other contemporary art movements surfacing and finding expression within other styles like post impressionism les nabis the decadent movement the fin de siecle art nouveau the munich secession the vienna secession expressionism and even the pre raphaelites which had formed before and influenced symbolism as well artist as diverse as james mcneill whistler eugène carrière ferdinand hodler fernand khnopff giovanni segantini lucien lévy dhurmer jean delville and james ensor all had varying degrees of association with symbolism art historian robert l delevoy wrote symbolism was less a school than the atmosphere of a period 230 it quickly began to fade with the onset of fauvism cubism futurism and had largely dissipated by the outbreak of the first world war however it did find some sustained development and relevance in the metaphysical school which in turn had a profound influence on surrealism 230 196 231 the subjects themes and meanings of symbolist art are frequently veiled and obscure but at its best still manage to resonate deeply on psychological or emotional levels the subjects are often presented as metaphors or allegories aiming to evoke highly subjective personal introspective emotions and ideas in the viewer without clearly defining or addressing the subject directly the poet stéphane mallarmé wrote depict not the thing but the effect it produces 232 and to name an object is to suppress three quarters of the pleasure of the poem which is made to be understood little by little 231 the english painter george frederic watts stated i paint ideas not things 230 196 231 thracian girl with head of orpheus on his lyre by gustave moreau 1865 oil 154 99 5 cm musée d orsay paris vision after the sermon jacob wrestling with the angel 1888 oil on canvas 73 x 92 cm scottish national gallery edinburgh scotland 233 the scream by edvard munch 1893 tempera and crayon on cardboard 91 x 73 5 cm national gallery oslo norway 233 green death by odilon redon c 1905 oil on canvas 54 9 x 46 3 cm museum of modern art 234 the cyclops by odilon redon c 1914 oil on cardboard on panel 64 x 51 cm kröller müller museum otterlo the netherlands 233 post impressionism c 1885 1910 edit main article post impressionism a sunday afternoon on the island of la grande jatte by georges seurat 1884 1886 oil on canvas 2 08 x 3 08 m art institute of chicago 235 post impressionism is a rather imprecise term applied to a diverse generation of artists in its strictest sense it pertains to four highly influential artists paul cézanne 236 237 paul gauguin 238 239 georges seurat 240 241 and vincent van gogh 242 243 each passed through an impressionist phase but ultimately emerged with four very original but different styles collectively their work anticipated and often directly influenced much of the avant garde art that appeared before the first world war including fauvism cubism expressionism and early abstraction cézanne particularly influential on cubism and van gogh worked in relative isolation away from paris at critical points in their careers while seurat and gauguin worked in groups more collaboratively at key points in their development another important artist of the period is toulouse lautrec an influential painter as well as graphic artist 244 245 in a broader sense post impressionism includes a generation of predominantly french and belgian artists who worked in a range of styles and groups most had come under the sway of impressionism at some point but pushed their work beyond it into a number of factions as early as the mid 1880s sometimes as a logical development of impressionism other times as a reaction against it post impressionists typically depicted impressionist subjects but the work particularly synthetism often contained symbolism spiritualism and moody atmospheres that rarely appeared in impressionism unnatural colors patterns flat plains odd perspectives and viewpoints pushed to extremes all moved the center of modernism a step closer to abstraction with a standard for experimentation 218 246 247 neo impressionism divisionism or pointillism c 1884 1894 explored light and color based on scientific color theories creating mosaics of brush strokes in pure colors sometimes laid out in rhythmic patterns with lines influenced by art nouveau the leading artists were georges seurat and paul signac others include henri edmond cross maximilien luce albert dubois pillet and for a period pissarro and van gogh it was influential on fauvism and elements of the style appeared in expressionism cubism and early abstraction synthetism cloisonnism c 1888 1903 cloisonnism was conceived by émile bernard and immediately taken up and developed by paul gauguin and others while at an artists colony in pont aven brittany france the style resembled cloisonné enamel or stained glass with flat bold colors outlined in black or dark colors synthetism exemplified in the work of gauguin and paul sérusier is slightly a broader term with less emphasis on dark outlines and cloisonné qualities other artist include cuno amiet louis anquetin charles filiger jacob meyer de haan charles laval and armand seguin their work greatly influenced fauvism and expressionism les nabis c 1890 1905 hebrew for prophets or illuminati was a larger movement in france and belgium that eclectically drew on progressive elements in synthetism neo impressionism symbolism and art nouveau perhaps more influential than the art were the numerous theories manifestoes and infectious enthusiasm for the avant garde setting the tone for the proliferation of movements and isms in the first quarter of the 20th century la revue blanche often published les nabis and symbolist content the work of édouard vuillard 248 249 and pierre bonnard 250 251 ca 1890 1910 is exemplary of les nabis though both evolved in their styles and produced significant work into the 1940s other artist include maurice denis maxime dethomas meyer de haan henri gabriel ibels georges lacombe aristide maillol paul ranson ker xavier roussel armand séguin paul sérusier félix vallotton jan verkade and others 218 246 247 the starry night by vincent van gogh 1889 oil on canvas height 73 7 cm museum of modern art new york city félix fénéon by paul signac 1890 oil on canvas 73 5 x 92 5 cm museum of modern art new york city 235 aha oe feii are you jealous by paul gauguin 1892 oil on canvas 68 x 92 cm pushkin museum moscow russia 235 at the moulin rouge by henri de toulouse lautrec 1892 1895 oil on canvas 1 23 1 41 m art institute of chicago 235 the bathers by paul cézanne 1898 1905 oil on canvas 210 5 cm 250 8 cm philadelphia museum of art philadelphia us early 20th century edit see also 20th century western painting the history of 20th century art is a narrative of endless possibilities and the search for new standards each being torn down in succession by the next the art movements of fauvism expressionism cubism abstract art dadaism and surrealism led to further explorations of new creative styles and manners of expression increasing global interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into western art such as pablo picasso being influenced by iberian sculpture african sculpture and primitivism japonism and japanese woodcuts which had themselves been influenced by western renaissance draftsmanship had an immense influence on impressionism and subsequent artistic developments the influential example set by paul gauguin s interest in oceanic art and the sudden popularity among the cognoscenti in early 20th century paris of newly discovered african fetish sculptures and other works from non european cultures were taken up by picasso henri matisse and many of their colleagues later in the 20th century pop art and abstract expressionism came to prominence art nouveau c 1890 1914 edit main article art nouveau porte dauphine métro station paris by hector guimard 1900 252 ernst ludwig house in darmstadt artists colony darmstadt germany by joseph maria olbrich 1900 art nouveau french new art was an international and widespread art and design movement that emerged in the final decades of the 19th century until the first world war in 1914 it was catapulted into international prominence with the 1900 exposition universelle in paris developing almost simultaneously in parts of europe and the us it was an attempt to create a unique and modern form of expression that evoked the spirit of the new century it manifested in painting illustration sculpture jewellery metalwork glass ceramics textiles graphic design furniture architecture costume design and fashion art nouveau artists aimed to raise the status of craft and design to the level of fine art the movement is highly associated with sinuous organic forms such as flowers vines and leaves but also insects and animals through the works of artists like alphonse mucha victor horta hector guimard antoni gaudí rené lalique otto eckmann or émile gallé art nouveau designs and buildings can often be asymmetrical although there are identifying characteristics the style also displayed many regional and national interpretations despite being a short lived fashion it paved the way for the modern architecture and design of the 20th century it was the first architectural style without historic precedent the 19th century being notorious for a practice known as historicism which is the use of visual styles that consciously echo the style of a previous artistic era between c 1870 and 1900 a crisis of historicism occurred during which the historicist culture was critiqued one of the voices being friedrich nietzsche in 1874 who diagnosed a malignant historical fervour as one of the crippling symptoms of a modern culture burdened by archaeological study and faith in the laws of historical progression despite this art nouveau was also heavily influenced by styles from the past such as celtic gothic and rococo art and also by the arts and crafts movement aestheticism symbolism and especially by japanese art 253 254 fauvism c 1898 1909 edit main article fauvism fauvism emerged from post impressionism gradually developing into the first major movement of the 20th century its genesis was in 1895 when henri matisse the oldest and central figure entered the studio of gustave moreau at the ecole des beaux arts there he met georges rouault charles camoin henri manguin and albert marquet marquet said as early as 1898 matisse and i were working in what was later to be called the fauve manner the first exhibitions at the indepéndants in which we were i believe the only ones to paint in pure tones go back to 1901 255 by 1902 03 the circle of like minded artist had grown to include georges braque andré derain raoul dufy othon friesz jean metzinger jean puy louis valtat kees van dongen and maurice de vlaminck during this period a number of influential retrospective exhibitions were held in paris seurat 1900 1905 van gogh 1901 1905 toulouse lautrec 1902 gauguin 1906 cézanne 1907 all relatively unknown to the public at that time matisse and derain collected african carvings a novel but growing curiosity of the time matisse spent the summer of 1904 in saint tropez painting with the neo impressionist paul signac and henri edmond cross followed in 1905 by camoin manguin and marquet the artists exhibited regularity at the salon des...
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