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se help improve it by removing such content and adding citations to reliable independent sources june 2021 in the last thing he wanted a journalist for the fictitious atlanta post stops her coverage of the 1984 u s presidential election to care for her dying father in the process she inherits his position as an arms dealer for central america and learns of the iran contra affair in the 1989 james bond movie licence to kill the character dario was kicked out of the contras for his immense brutality and found his way into franz sanchez s drug cartel as his chief enforcer in season 4 of the tv series american dad the titular father stan smith sings a song to his son steve about oliver north the person allegedly responsible for covertly funding the contras through the iran contra affair after claiming the remaining gold from the affair was hidden under their house the americans the tv series features an episode on kgb agents infiltrating a contra camp american made a film loosely based on barry seal s life in season 3 of the amazon prime tv series the boys the american superhero team payback is clandestinely deployed to nicaragua in 1984 to assist contra units supported by the cia carla s song a fictional film by ken loach set in part against the backdrop of the conflict in nicaragua contra a popular video game series by konami 124 while it is unclear whether the game was deliberately named after the nicaraguan contra rebels the ending theme of the original game was titled sandinista サンディニスタ after the adversaries of the real life contras 125 contra the second studio album by the american indie rock band vampire weekend released in january 2010 on xl recordings it debuted at number one on the us billboard 200 the album title is intended as a thematic allegory and a complex reference to the nicaraguan counter revolutionaries the song i think ur a contra is from this album sandinista an album by the clash features songs about the contras in nicaragua it was released in 1980 the song washington bullets is from this album the seiko fieldmaster watch released in 1984 that was supplied to the contras became so popular with the resistance fighters it became known as the contra watch 126 127 student visas a song by corb lund from the album horse soldier horse soldier is about us clandestine soldiers such as sfod d and cia paramilitary interacting with contras in el salvador and nicaragua fragile the song is a tribute to ben linder an american civil engineer who was killed by the contras in 1987 while working on a hydroelectric project in nicaragua narcos mexico features an episode where felix has to deliver guns to nicaragua with amado and a cia operative for salvador nava and mexico s minister of defense the mighty quinn involves a cia operative and a latino right wing assassin trying to recover large sums of untraceable us dollars which were to fund anti communist counter revolution on the mainland nicaragua is not mentioned snowfall a tv series following several characters including an undercover cia officer facilitating cocaine smuggling into the us on the behalf of the nicaraguan contras and his connection to a 20 year old drug dealer in los angeles in the mid 1980s the early days of the crack cocaine epidemic the last narc a 2020 documentary about the kidnapping and murder of dea agent kiki camarena by mexican drug cartels ends up covering parts of the iran contra scandal scenes covering the war are shown in the 1987 feature film broadcast news see also edit anti communism central american crisis cia involvement in contra cocaine trafficking cold war foreign interventions by the united states latin america united states relations nicaraguan revolution psychological operations in guerrilla warfare reagan doctrine role of women in the nicaraguan revolution united states and state sponsored terrorism united states involvement in regime change in latin america notes edit lit southern front all rural areas of nicaragua especially the highland departments of matagalpa jinotega nueva segovia and chontales also including the departments of río san juan and western zelaya excluding some pacific regions like managua and granada 1 references edit brown 2001 p 118 marco pasquale de 21 april 2025 counterrevolutionaries inside the contra war in nicaragua pasquale de marco p 55 marco pasquale de 21 april 2025 counterrevolutionaries inside the contra war in nicaragua pasquale de marco p 55 contra insurgency in nicaragua 1981 1990 onwar retrieved 18 july 2025 the contras murdering their own a grisly retribution alicia patterson foundation aliciapatterson org archived from the original on 18 august 2022 retrieved 28 may 2022 nicaragua the sandinista revolution u s library of congress the contras chronicle of a defeat foretold revista envío retrieved 23 december 2025 feldmann andreas e maiju perälä july 2004 reassessing the causes of nongovernmental terrorism in latin america latin american politics and society 46 2 101 132 doi 10 1111 j 1548 2456 2004 tb00277 x s2cid 221247620 greg grandin gilbert m joseph 2010 a century of revolution durham north carolina duke university press p 89 isbn 978 0822392859 1 2 todd dave 26 february 1986 offensive by nicaraguan freedom fighters may be doomed as arms aid dry up ottawa citizen albert j jongman alex p schmid 1988 political terrorism a new guide to actors authors concepts data bases theories and literature transaction publishers pp 17 18 isbn 978 1 41280 469 1 athan g theoharis richard h immerman 2006 the central intelligence agency security under scrutiny greenwood publishing group p 216 isbn 978 0313332821 empire politician 1980s u s support for contra death squads in nicaragua the intercept 27 april 2021 retrieved 28 may 2022 kinzer stephen 20 february 1986 contras attacks on civilians cited the new york times issn 0362 4331 retrieved 28 may 2022 1 2 atrocities in the nicaraguan civil war pdf cia lafree gary laura dugan erin miller 2015 putting terrorism in context lessons from the global terrorism database 1 ed london and new york routledge p 56 isbn 978 0 415 67142 2 in nicaragua contra groups including the nicaraguan democratic force fdn the democratic revolutionary alliance arde and ultimately the nicaraguan resistance umbrella group carried out more than 1 300 terrorist attacks mostly in opposition to the sandinista government 1 2 3 4 lee et al 1987 p 29 the contras are made up of a combination of ex national guardsmen especially the military wing of the fdn as seen at gill 1984 p 204 dickey christopher with the contras a reporter in the wilds of nicaragua simon schuster 1985 the contras are made up of a combination of anti sandinista opponents of ex dictator somoza some of the members of the fdn political directorate eg messrs chamorro and cruz as seen at gill 1984 p 204 international court of justice iv 1986 p 446 dillon sam 1991 comandos the cia and nicaragua s contra rebels new york henry holt pp 49 56 isbn 978 0 8050 1475 4 oclc 23974023 horton lynn 1998 peasants in arms war and peace in the mountains of nicaragua 1979 1994 athens ohio university center for international studies pp 95 117 isbn 978 0 89680 204 9 oclc 39157572 padro maurer r the contras 1980 1989 a special kind of politics ny praeger publishers 1990 brown timothy c the real contra war highlander peasant resistance in nicaragua university of oklahoma press 2001 contra organizations the contra story central intelligence agency cia gov archived from the original on 13 june 2007 retrieved 18 august 2014 although calero opposed somoza the fdn had its roots in two insurgent groups made up of former national guardsmen as seen at lee et al 1987 p 29 the udn including cardenal initially opposed any linkage with the guardsmen the cia and high ranking united states government officials insisted that we merge with the guardsmen lt general vernon walters then a special assistant to the united states secretary of state and formerly deputy director of the cia met with cardenal to encourage him to accept the cia s proposal we were well aware of the crimes the guardsmen had committed against the nicaraguan people while in the service of president somoza and we wanted nothing to do with them however we recognized that without help from the united states government we had no chance of removing the sandinistas from power so we eventually acceded to the cia s and general walters insistence that we join forces with the guardsmen some udn members resigned because they would not associate themselves with the national guard under any circumstances but cardenal and i and others believed the cia s assurances that we the civilians would control the guardsmen in the new organization that was to be created as seen at international court of justice iv 1986 p 446 on the basis of the available information the court is not able to satisfy itself that the respondent state created the contra force in nicaragua but holds it established that it largely financed trained equipped armed and organized the fdn one element of the force as seen at international court of justice 1986 vii 4 the largest and most active of these groups which later came to be known as fdn as seen at lee et al 1987 p 29 1 2 3 williams adam 26 november 2010 edén pastora a wanted man the tico times archived from the original on 15 december 2010 1 2 3 lee et al 1987 p 32 he insisted on operating in the southern part of nicaragua as seen at lee et al 1987 p 32 the americas watch committee human rights in nicaragua 1986 print americas watch february 1987 bogota accord pdf ulster university retrieved 5 december 2022 from conflict to autonomy in nicaragua lessons learned archived 16 september 2012 at the wayback machine 1 2 gill 1989 p 328 gill 1989 p 329 the united states has played a very large role in financing training arming and advising the contras over a long period the contras only became capable of carrying out significant para military operations as a result of this support as seen at gill 1989 p 329 thompson john a 1992 the exaggeration of american vulnerability an anatomy of tradition diplomatic history 16 1 23 doi 10 1111 j 1467 7709 1992 tb00482 x 1 2 bbc on this day 5 1984 sandinistas claim election victory bbc news retrieved 15 september 2025 president shifts emphasis from contra warfare los angeles times 4 may 1987 president reagan renewed his commitment to the nicaraguan insurgents sunday though he appeared to shift the focus of his administration s policy away from the military situation to the need to restore democracy to the central american country the foreign connection the washington post 6 january 1987 apple r w jr 12 march 1986 mudslinging over contras the new york times retrieved 21 september 2017 1 2 nsdd national security decision directives reagan administration federation of american scientists 30 may 2008 nicaragua library of congress retrieved 18 august 2014 nicaraguan vote free fair hotly contested the new york times 16 november 1984 country ratings and status fiw 1973 2012 microsoft excel freedom house 2012 retrieved 22 august 2012 lee et al 1987 p 3 1 2 3 4 lee et al 1987 p 3 in december 1982 the new york times reported intelligence officials as saying that washington s covert activities have become the most ambitious paramilitary and political action operation mounted by the c i a in nearly a decade lee et al 1987 p 33 opinion polls indicated that a majority of the public was not supportive lee et al 1987 p 3 following disclosure that the cia had a role in connection with the mining of the nicaraguan harbors public criticism mounted and the administration s contra policy lost much of its support within congress lee et al 1987 p 3 u s delayed report on soviets in nicaragua the miami herald 18 september 1984 riesenfeld stefan a january 1987 the powers of congress and the president in international relations revisited california law review 75 1 405 414 doi 10 2307 3480586 jstor 3480586 the boland amendment was part of the joint resolution of december 21 1982 providing further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1983 boyd gerald m 19 february 1986 reagan says support for the contras must go beyond band aids the new york times issn 0362 4331 retrieved 23 january 2023 conservative think tank funneled money to north associates ap news retrieved 23 january 2023 executive order 12513 prohibiting trade and certain other transactions involving nicaragua federal register national archives 15 august 2016 is there a chance in nicaragua washington post 14 march 1986 ortega collects warm words of support on european trip yet his visit is unlikely to drum up much concrete aid christian science monitor 16 may 1985 booth john a wade christine j walker thomas w 2014 understanding central america global forces rebellion and change avalon p 112 isbn 9780813349589 johnson kermit d 1997 ethics and counterrevolution american involvement in internal wars university press of americas p 19 isbn 9780761809067 1 2 3 booth john a wade christine j walker thomas w 2014 understanding central america global forces rebellion and change avalon p 107 isbn 9780813349589 walker thomas w 1991 revolution and counterrevolution in nicaragua westview press p 335 isbn 9780813308623 the contras did prove adept at carrying out u s guerrilla warfare strategies supplied in the cia training manuals which advised them to neutralize civilian leaders incite mob violence and attack soft targets such as agricultural cooperatives 1 2 3 sklar holly 1988 washington s war on nicaragua south end press isbn 9780813308623 as recounted by holly sklar the cia manual tayacan advises the paramilitaries to neutralize carefully selected and planned targets such as court judges etc in the section entitled implicit and explicit terror the manual states that it is necessary to kidnap all officials or agents of the sandinista government or individuals in tune with the regime who then should be removed from the town without damaging them publicly 65 179 nelson pallmeyer jack 1989 war against the poor low intensity conflict and christian faith archived from the original on 6 april 2017 1 2 3 nicaragua the dirty war west 57th cbs via youtube cia assisted contras murdered sandinistas official reportedly says the arizona republic 20 october 1984 via newspapers com ruwart mary j 2003 healing our world in an age of aggression sunstar press p 309 isbn 9780963233660 1 2 booth john a wade christine j walker thomas w 2014 understanding central america global forces rebellion and change avalon p 113 isbn 9780813349589 1 2 3 4 5 6 lee et al 1987 p 4 who helped oliver north the spectator 15 may 1987 the contras cocaine and covert operations documentation of official u s knowledge of drug trafficking and the contras the national security archive george washington university c 1990 the oliver north file gwu edu retrieved 17 august 2011 the contras cocaine and covert operations gwu edu devereaux ryan 25 september 2014 how the cia wa...
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