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d by the co fermentation of energy crops called nawaro an abbreviation of nachwachsende rohstoffe german for renewable resources mixed with manure the main crop used is corn organic waste and industrial and agricultural residues such as waste from the food industry are also used for biogas generation 79 in this respect biogas production in germany differs significantly from the uk where biogas generated from landfill sites is most common 74 biogas production in germany has developed rapidly over the last 20 years the main reason is the legally created frameworks government support of renewable energy started in 1991 with the electricity feed in act streg this law guaranteed the producers of energy from renewable sources the feed into the public power grid thus the power companies were forced to take all produced energy from independent private producers of green energy 80 in 2000 the electricity feed in act was replaced by the renewable energy sources act eeg this law even guaranteed a fixed compensation for the produced electric power over 20 years the amount of around 8 kwh gave farmers the opportunity to become energy suppliers and gain a further source of income 79 the german agricultural biogas production was given a further push in 2004 by implementing the so called nawaro bonus this is a special payment given for the use of renewable resources that is energy crops 81 in 2007 the german government stressed its intention to invest further effort and support in improving the renewable energy supply to provide an answer on growing climate challenges and increasing oil prices by the integrated climate and energy programme this continual trend of renewable energy promotion induces a number of challenges facing the management and organisation of renewable energy supply that has also several impacts on the biogas production 82 the first challenge to be noticed is the high area consuming of the biogas electric power supply in 2011 energy crops for biogas production consumed an area of circa 800 000 ha in germany 83 this high demand of agricultural areas generates new competitions with the food industries that did not exist hitherto moreover new industries and markets were created in predominately rural regions entailing different new players with an economic political and civil background their influence and acting has to be governed to gain all advantages this new source of energy is offering finally biogas will furthermore play an important role in the german renewable energy supply if good governance is focused 82 developing countries edit domestic biogas plants convert livestock manure and night soil into biogas and slurry the fermented manure this technology is feasible for small holders with livestock producing 50 kg manure per day an equivalent of about 6 pigs or 3 cows this manure has to be collectable to mix it with water and feed it into the plant toilets can be connected another precondition is the temperature that affects the fermentation process with an optimum at 36 c the technology especially applies for those living in a sub tropical climate this makes the technology for small holders in developing countries often suitable 84 depending on size and location a typical brick made fixed dome biogas plant can be installed at the yard of a rural household with the investment between us 300 to 500 in asian countries and up to 1400 in the african context 85 a high quality biogas plant needs minimum maintenance costs and can produce gas for at least 15 20 years without major problems and re investments for the user biogas provides clean cooking energy reduces indoor air pollution and reduces the time needed for traditional biomass collection especially for women and children the slurry is a clean organic fertilizer that potentially increases agricultural productivity 84 in developing countries it was also determined that the use of biogas leads to a 20 reduction in ghg emissions compared with ghg emissions due to firewood moreover ghg emissions of 384 1 kg co 2 equivalent per year per animal could be prevented 86 energy is an important part of modern society and can serve as one of the most important indicators of socio economic development as much as there have been advancements in technology even so some three billion people primarily in the rural areas of developing countries continue to access their energy needs for cooking through traditional means by burning biomass resources like firewood crop residues and animal dung in crude traditional stoves 87 inauguration of a südzucker biogas plant in drochia with interview of octavian armașu 2012 domestic biogas technology is a proven and established technology in many parts of the world especially asia 88 several countries in this region have embarked on large scale programmes on domestic biogas such as china 89 and india the netherlands development organisation snv 90 supports national programmes on domestic biogas that aim to establish commercial viable domestic biogas sectors in which local companies market install and service biogas plants for households in asia snv is working in nepal 91 vietnam 92 93 bangladesh 94 bhutan cambodia 94 lao pdr 95 pakistan 96 and indonesia 97 and in africa rwanda 98 senegal burkina faso ethiopia 99 tanzania 100 uganda kenya 101 benin and cameroon in south africa a prebuilt biogas system is manufactured and sold one key feature is that installation requires less skill and is quicker to install as the digester tank is premade plastic 102 biogas systems play a very significant role in access to energy across many low and middle income countries lmics especially in areas that are lacking reliable electricity and fuels for cooking small scale digesters are often seen at the household and community level to convert animal manure agricultural residues and organic household waste into methane rich gas that can be used for cooking lighting as well as heating 103 104 household level and decentralized systems edit unlike many of the large industrial plants common in high income countries many lmic biogas initiatives focus on emphasizing decentralized production and potential benefits household digesters can provide a source of energy that is independent of centralized grids while also producing rich digestate that can be used as fertilizer 105 these systems are found in regions that have lots of livestock owners including parts of south asia east africa and china decentralized biogas systems are often seen as a way to address multiple development goals at the same time this includes improving energy access sanitation improvement reduction of indoor air pollution from traditional biomass fuels and improving regional energy sovereignty 106 geographic and social economic factors edit the rate of effectiveness for biogas systems can vary widely depending on different geographic and social economic conditions some of the biggest determinants of effectiveness are connected to climate water availability feedstock supply and household income microbial activity increases with temperature and generally favors hotter climates reducing the need for supplemental heating 103 the density of livestock is another critical factor because manure is the most common feedstock for these small digesters regions that have dispersed populations or limited animal ownership may face more challenges maintaining consistent energy production 106 access to technical and maintenance services can also influence the long term success and adoption rates 104 feedstocks and agricultural systems edit biogas feedstocks in lmic regions usually consist of locally available organic waste rather than purposefully grown energy crops some common feedstock inputs include cattle dung poultry manure crop residues food waste and other biodegradable materials 106 by utilizing these waste streams regions can provide environmental benefits through the process of capturing methane that would otherwise be released through unmanaged decomposition it can also improve sanitation and agricultural production through the use of digestate as a fertilizer 106 in high income countries there is more reliance on dedicated energy crops like corn and soy some comparative studies show that waste based systems can be more appropriate in resource constrained environments where land water and finances are limited 107 limitations and challenges edit despite many potential benefits small biogas systems still face several barriers before widespread adoption can happen high installation costs can be problematic especially in low income households and increasingly difficult without government support programs and grants 104 seasonal variability in feedstock availability and water scarcity can also reduce gas production at times and is largely affected by climate related factors another issue occurs when digesters are not maintained because of a lack of technical support making repairs difficult 104 research initiatives in sub saharan africa and south asia have shown that technical feasibility alone cannot guarantee sustained use these systems also need to be socially accepted and supported through training programs institutional support and policy frameworks regions that implement community engagement alongside technical deployment often see higher adoption and long term operation rates 106 emerging alternative energy feedstocks edit outside some of the more traditionally waste based inputs like manure and food residues researchers have also investigated biomass crops for anaerobic digestion with lots of promises some perennial grasses including switchgrass panicum virgatum miscanthus miscanthus giganteus and napier grass cenchrus purpureus have experienced lots of recent attention due to their high biomass yields in comparison to typical biofuel crops as well as the ability to grow on marginal land with relatively low speaking input requirements 108 india edit biogas in india 109 has been traditionally based on dairy manure as feed stock and these gobar gas plants have been in operation for a long period of time especially in rural india in india early development of biogas technology during the mid 20th century included experimental and demonstration work by engineers and researchers promoting gobar gas systems for rural energy use among these was dr ram bux singh who established an early successful biogas plant in 1957 in sitapur uttar pradesh and later contributed to applied research and dissemination of biogas systems through work associated with the gobar gas research station at ajitmal his technical work formed part of india s early efforts to promote decentralized renewable energy solutions based on agricultural waste in the last 2 3 decades research organisations with a focus on rural energy security have enhanced the design of the systems resulting in newer efficient low cost designs such as the deenabandhu model the deenabandhu model is a new biogas production model popular in india deenabandhu means friend of the helpless the unit usually has a capacity of 2 to 3 cubic metres it is constructed using bricks or by a ferrocement mixture in india the brick model costs slightly more than the ferrocement model however india s ministry of new and renewable energy offers some subsidy per model constructed biogas which is mainly methane natural gas can also be used for generating protein rich cattle poultry and fish feed in villages economically by cultivating methylococcus capsulatus bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print 110 111 112 the carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these plants can be put to use in cheaper production of algae oil or spirulina from algaculture particularly in tropical countries like india which can displace the prime position of crude oil in near future 113 114 union government of india is implementing many schemes to utilise productively the agro waste or biomass in rural areas to uplift rural economy and job potential 115 116 with these plants the non edible biomass or waste of edible biomass is converted in to high value products without any water pollution or green house gas ghg emissions 117 lpg liquefied petroleum gas is a key source of cooking fuel in urban india and its prices have been increasing along with the global fuel prices also the heavy subsidies provided by the successive governments in promoting lpg as a domestic cooking fuel has become a financial burden renewing the focus on biogas as a cooking fuel alternative in urban establishments this has led to the development of prefabricated digester for modular deployments as compared to rcc and cement structures which take a longer duration to construct renewed focus on process technology like the biourja process model 118 has enhanced the stature of medium and large scale anaerobic digester in india as a potential alternative to lpg as primary cooking fuel in india nepal pakistan and bangladesh biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion of manure in small scale digestion facilities is called gobar gas it is estimated that such facilities exist in over 2 million households in india 50 000 in bangladesh and thousands in pakistan particularly north punjab due to the thriving population of livestock the digester is an airtight circular pit made of concrete with a pipe connection the manure is directed to the pit usually straight from the cattle shed the pit is filled with a required quantity of wastewater the gas pipe is connected to the kitchen fireplace through control valves the combustion of this biogas has very little odour or smoke owing to simplicity in implementation and use of cheap raw materials in villages it is one of the most environmentally sound energy sources for rural needs one type of these system is the sintex digester some designs use vermiculture to further enhance the slurry produced by the biogas plant for use as compost 119 in pakistan the rural support programmes network is running the pakistan domestic biogas programme 120 which has installed 5 360 biogas plants 121 and has trained in excess of 200 masons on the technology and aims to develop the biogas sector in pakistan in nepal the government provides subsidies to build biogas plant at home china edit as of at least 2023 china is both the world s largest producer and largest consumer of household biogas 122 172 the chinese have experimented with the applications of biogas since 1958 around 1970 china had installed 6 000 000 digesters in an effort to make agriculture more efficient during the last few years technology has met high growth rates this seems to be the earliest developments in generating biogas from agricultural waste 123 the rural biogas construction in china has shown an increased development trend the exponential growth of energy supply caused by rapid economic development and severe haze condition in china have led biogas to become the better eco friendly energy for the rural areas in qing county he...
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