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ing perl known to many perl programmers as the camel book because of its cover was published and became the de facto reference for the language 35 at the same time the perl version number was bumped to 4 not to mark a major change in the language but to identify the version that was well documented by the book 36 perl 4 was released in march 1991 32 perl 4 went through a series of maintenance releases culminating in perl 4 036 in 1993 whereupon wall abandoned perl 4 to begin work on perl 5 initial design of perl 5 continued into 1994 the perl5 porters mailing list was established in may 1994 to coordinate work on porting perl 5 to different platforms it remains the primary forum for development maintenance and porting of perl 5 37 perl 5 000 was released on october 17 1994 38 it was a nearly complete rewrite of the interpreter and it added many new features to the language including objects references lexical my variables and modules importantly modules provided a mechanism for extending the language without modifying the interpreter this allowed the core interpreter to stabilize even as it enabled ordinary perl programmers to add new language features perl 5 has been in active development since then perl 5 001 was released on march 13 1995 perl 5 002 was released on february 29 1996 with the new prototypes feature this allowed module authors to make subroutines that behaved like perl builtins perl 5 003 was released june 25 1996 as a security release 39 one of the most important events in perl 5 history took place outside of the language proper and was a consequence of its module support on october 26 1995 the comprehensive perl archive network cpan was established as a repository for the perl language and perl modules as of december 2022 update it carries over 211 850 modules in 43 865 distributions written by more than 14 324 authors and is mirrored worldwide at more than 245 locations 40 perl 5 004 was released on may 15 1997 and included among other things the universal package giving perl a base object from which all classes were automatically derived and the ability to require versions of modules another significant development was the inclusion of the cgi pm module 41 which contributed to perl s popularity as a cgi scripting language 42 perl 5 004 added support for microsoft windows plan 9 qnx and amigaos 41 perl 5 005 was released on july 22 1998 this release included several enhancements to the regex engine new hooks into the backend through the b modules the qr regex quote operator a large selection of other new core modules and added support for several more operating systems including beos 43 2000 2020 edit major version 38 latest update 44 unsupported 5 4 1999 04 29 unsupported 5 5 2004 02 23 unsupported 5 6 2003 11 15 unsupported 5 8 2008 12 14 unsupported 5 10 2009 08 22 unsupported 5 12 2012 11 10 unsupported 5 14 2013 03 10 unsupported 5 16 2013 03 11 unsupported 5 18 2014 10 01 unsupported 5 20 2015 09 12 unsupported 5 22 2017 07 15 unsupported 5 24 2018 04 14 unsupported 5 26 2018 11 29 unsupported 5 28 2020 06 01 unsupported 5 30 2020 06 01 unsupported 5 32 2021 01 23 unsupported 5 34 2023 11 29 unsupported 5 36 2023 11 29 unsupported 5 38 2025 08 03 supported 5 40 2026 08 02 supported 5 42 2026 08 02 latest version 5 44 2026 07 15 legend unsupported supported latest version preview version future version perl 5 6 was released on march 22 2000 major changes included 64 bit support unicode string representation support for files over 2 gib and the our keyword 45 46 when developing perl 5 6 the decision was made to switch the versioning scheme to one more similar to other open source projects after 5 005_63 the next version became 5 5 640 with plans for development versions to have odd numbers and stable versions to have even numbers 47 in 2000 wall put forth a call for suggestions for a new version of perl from the community the process resulted in 361 rfc request for comments documents that were to be used in guiding development of perl 6 in 2001 48 work began on the apocalypses for perl 6 a series of documents meant to summarize the change requests and present the design of the next generation of perl they were presented as a digest of the rfcs rather than a formal document at this time perl 6 existed only as a description of a language citation needed perl 5 8 was first released on july 18 2002 and further 5 x versions have been released approximately yearly since then perl 5 8 improved unicode support added a new i o implementation added a new thread implementation improved numeric accuracy and added several new modules 49 as of 2013 this version was still the most popular perl version and was used by red hat linux 5 suse linux 10 solaris 10 hp ux 11 31 and aix 5 in 2004 work began on the synopses documents that originally summarized the apocalypses but which became the specification for the perl 6 language in february 2005 audrey tang began work on pugs a perl 6 interpreter written in haskell 50 this was the first concerted effort toward making perl 6 a reality this effort stalled in 2006 51 the perl on new internal engine ponie project existed from 2003 until 2006 it was to be a bridge between perl 5 and 6 and an effort to rewrite the perl 5 interpreter to run on the perl 6 parrot virtual machine the goal was to ensure the future of the millions of lines of perl 5 code at thousands of companies around the world 52 the ponie project ended in 2006 and is no longer being actively developed some of the improvements made to the perl 5 interpreter as part of ponie were folded into that project 53 on december 18 2007 the 20th anniversary of perl 1 0 perl 5 10 0 was released perl 5 10 0 included notable new features which brought it closer to perl 6 these included a switch statement called given when regular expressions updates and the smart match operator 54 55 around this same time development began in earnest on another implementation of perl 6 known as rakudo perl developed in tandem with the parrot virtual machine as of november 2009 rakudo perl has had regular monthly releases and now is the most complete implementation of perl 6 a major change in the development process of perl 5 occurred with perl 5 11 the development community has switched to a monthly release cycle of development releases with a yearly schedule of stable releases by that plan bugfix point releases will follow the stable releases every three months 56 on april 12 2010 perl 5 12 0 was released notable core enhancements include new package name version syntax the yada yada operator intended to mark placeholder code that is not yet implemented implicit strictures full y2038 compliance regex conversion overloading dtrace support and unicode 5 2 57 on may 14 2011 perl 5 14 was released with json support built in 58 on may 20 2012 perl 5 16 was released notable new features include the ability to specify a given version of perl that one wishes to emulate allowing users to upgrade their version of perl but still run old scripts that would normally be incompatible 59 failed verification perl 5 16 also updates the core to support unicode 6 1 59 on may 18 2013 perl 5 18 was released notable new features include the new dtrace hooks lexical subs more core subs overhaul of the hash for security reasons support for unicode 6 2 60 on may 27 2014 perl 5 20 was released notable new features include subroutine signatures hash slices new slice syntax postfix dereferencing experimental unicode 6 3 and a rand function using a consistent random number generator 61 some observers credit the release of perl 5 10 with the start of the modern perl movement 62 in particular this phrase describes a style of development that embraces the use of the cpan takes advantage of recent developments in the language and is rigorous about creating high quality code 63 while the book modern perl 64 may be the most visible standard bearer of this idea other groups such as the enlightened perl organization 65 have taken up the cause in late 2012 and 2013 several projects for alternative implementations for perl 5 started perl5 in perl6 by the rakudo perl team 66 moe by stevan little and friends 67 p2 68 by the perl11 team under reini urban gperl by goccy 69 and rperl a kickstarter project led by will braswell and affiliated with the perl11 project 70 perl 6 and raku edit main article raku programming language camelia the logo for the perl 6 project 71 at the 2000 perl conference jon orwant made a case for a major new language initiative 72 this led to a decision to begin work on a redesign of the language to be called perl 6 proposals for new language features were solicited from the perl community at large which submitted more than 300 rfcs 73 wall spent the next few years digesting the rfcs and synthesizing them into a coherent framework for perl 6 he presented his design for perl 6 in a series of documents called apocalypses numbered to correspond to chapters in programming perl as of january 2011 update the developing specification of perl 6 was encapsulated in design documents called synopses numbered to correspond to apocalypses 74 thesis work by bradley m kuhn overseen by wall considered the possible use of the java virtual machine as a runtime for perl 75 kuhn s thesis showed this approach to be problematic in 2001 it was decided that perl 6 would run on a cross language virtual machine called parrot in 2005 audrey tang created the pugs project an implementation of perl 6 in haskell this acted as a test platform for the perl 6 language separate from the development of the actual implementation allowing the language designers to explore the pugs project spawned an active perl haskell cross language community centered around the libera chat raku irc channel many functional programming influences were absorbed by the perl 6 design team 76 in 2012 perl 6 development was centered primarily on two compilers 77 rakudo an implementation running on the parrot virtual machine and the java virtual machine 78 niecza which targets the common language runtime in 2013 moarvm metamodel on a runtime a c language based virtual machine designed primarily for rakudo was announced 79 in october 2019 perl 6 was renamed to raku 80 as of 2017 update only the rakudo implementation and moarvm are under active development and other virtual machines such as the java virtual machine and javascript are supported 81 perl 7 edit in june 2020 perl 7 was announced as the successor to perl 5 82 perl 7 was to initially be based on perl 5 32 with a release expected in first half of 2021 and release candidates sooner 83 this plan was revised in may 2021 without any release timeframe or version of perl 5 for use as a baseline specified 84 when perl 7 would be released perl 5 would have gone into long term maintenance supported perl 5 versions however would continue to get important security and bug fixes 85 perl 7 was announced on 24 june 2020 at the perl conference in the cloud as the successor to perl 5 83 82 based on perl 5 32 perl 7 was planned to be backward compatible with modern perl 5 code perl 5 code without boilerplate pragma header needs adding use compat perl5 to stay compatible but modern code can drop some of the boilerplate the plan to go to perl 7 brought up more discussion however and the perl steering committee canceled it to avoid issues with backward compatibility for scripts that were not written to the pragmas and modules that would become the default in perl 7 perl 7 will only come out when the developers add enough features to warrant a major release upgrade 86 design edit main article perl language structure philosophy edit according to wall perl has two slogans the first is there s more than one way to do it commonly known as tmtowtdi pronounced tim toady proponents of this motto argue that this philosophy makes it easy to write concise statements 87 88 89 the second slogan is easy things should be easy and hard things should be possible 14 the design of perl can be understood as a response to three broad trends in the computer industry falling hardware costs rising labor costs and improvements in compiler technology many earlier computer languages such as fortran and c aimed to make efficient use of expensive computer hardware in contrast perl was designed so that computer programmers could write programs more quickly and easily 90 perl has many features that ease the task of the programmer at the expense of greater cpu and memory requirements these include automatic memory management dynamic typing strings lists and hashes regular expressions introspection and an eval function perl follows the theory of no built in limits 27 an idea similar to the zero one infinity rule wall was trained as a linguist and the design of perl is very much informed by linguistic principles examples include huffman coding common constructions should be short good end weighting the important information should come first and a large collection of language primitives perl favors language constructs that are concise and natural for humans to write even where they complicate the perl interpreter 91 perl s syntax reflects the idea that things that are different should look different 92 for example scalars arrays and hashes have different leading sigils array indices and hash keys use different kinds of braces strings and regular expressions have different standard delimiters there is a broad practical bent to both the perl language and the community and culture that surround it the preface to programming perl begins perl is a language for getting your job done 14 one consequence of this is that perl is not a tidy language it includes many features tolerates exceptions to its rules and employs heuristics to resolve syntactical ambiguities because of the forgiving nature of the compiler bugs can sometimes be hard to find perl s function documentation remarks on the variant behavior of built in functions in list and scalar contexts by saying in general they do what you want unless you want consistency 93 features edit the overall structure of perl derives broadly from c perl is procedural in nature with variables expressions assignment statements brace delimited blocks control structures and subroutines 94 perl also takes features from shell programming all variables are marked with leading sigils which allow variables to be interpolated directly into strings however unlike the shell perl uses sigils on all accesses to variables and unlike most other programming languages that use sigils the sigil doesn t denote the type of the variable but the type of the expression so for example while an array is denoted by the sigil for example arrayname an individual member of the array is denoted by the scalar sigil for example arrayname 3 perl also has many built in functions that provide tools often used in shell programming although many of these tools are implemented by programs external to the sh...
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