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ntries benin bolivia botswana brazil dominican republic fiji guatemala lesotho mauritius montenegro poland seychelles solomon islands sri lanka timor leste thailand the gambia and zambia 16 athens edit this section is an excerpt from athenian revolution edit the athenian revolution 508 507 bce was a revolt by the people of athens that overthrew the ruling aristocratic oligarchy establishing the almost century long self governance of athens in the form of a participatory democracy open to all free male citizens it was a reaction to a broader trend of tyranny that had swept through athens and the rest of greece 17 benin edit this section is an excerpt from 1989 1990 unrest in benin edit the 1989 1990 unrest in benin was a wave of protests demonstrations nonviolent boycotts grassroots rallies opposition campaigns and strikes in benin against the government of mathieu kérékou unpaid salaries and new budget laws 18 brazil edit this section is an excerpt from redemocratization in brazil edit diretas já demonstration in brasília for open elections the redemocratization of brazil portuguese abertura política lit political opening was the 1974 1988 period of liberalization under the country s military dictatorship ending with the decline of the regime the signing of the country s new constitution and the transition to democracy 19 then president ernesto geisel began the process of liberalization nicknamed portuguese distensão in 1974 by allowing for the brazilian democratic movement opposition party s participation in congressional elections he worked to address human rights violations and began to undo the military dictatorship s founding legislation the institutional acts in 1978 general joão figueiredo elected the next year continued the transition to democracy freeing the last political prisoners in 1980 and instituting direct elections in 1982 the 1985 election of a ruling opposition party marked the military dictatorship s end the process of liberalization ultimately was successful culminating with the promulgation of the 1988 brazilian constitution 20 chile edit this section is an excerpt from chilean transition to democracy edit the transition to democracy in chile also known in spanish as la transición the transition refers to the historical process by which chile moved away from the military dictatorship led by general augusto pinochet which had ruled the country since the 1973 coup d état that overthrew president salvador allende and restored a democratically elected government the dictatorship formally ended on 11 march 1990 when the armed forces handed executive power to patricio aylwin a christian democrat elected after the 1988 plebiscite and the 1989 presidential election 21 france edit the french revolution 1789 briefly allowed a wide franchise the french revolutionary wars and the napoleonic wars lasted for more than twenty years the french directory was more oligarchic the first french empire and the bourbon restoration restored more autocratic rule the french second republic had universal male suffrage but was followed by the second french empire the franco prussian war 1870 71 resulted in the french third republic germany edit germany established its first democracy in 1919 with the creation of the weimar republic a parliamentary republic created following the german empire s defeat in world war i the weimar republic lasted only 14 years before it collapsed and was replaced by nazi dictatorship 22 historians continue to debate the reasons why the weimar republic s attempt at democratization failed 22 after germany was militarily defeated in world war ii democracy was reestablished in west germany during the u s led occupation which undertook the denazification of society 23 greece edit this section is an excerpt from metapolitefsi edit the metapolitefsi 24 was a period in modern greek history from the fall of the ioannides military junta of 1973 74 to the transition period shortly after the 1974 legislative elections indonesia edit further information liberal democracy period in indonesia and post suharto era in indonesia italy edit king charles albert of sardinia signs the albertine statute 4 march 1848 the constitution of the italian republic came into force on 1 january 1948 after the 1946 italian institutional referendum in september 1847 violent riots inspired by liberals broke out in reggio calabria and in messina in the kingdom of the two sicilies which were put down by the military on 12 january 1848 a rising in palermo spread throughout the island and served as a spark for the revolutions of 1848 all over europe after similar revolutionary outbursts in salerno south of naples and in the cilento region which were backed by the majority of the intelligentsia of the kingdom on 29 january 1848 king ferdinand ii of the two sicilies was forced to grant a constitution using for a pattern the french charter of 1830 this constitution was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms as was the proposal of a unified italian confederation of states 25 on 11 february 1848 leopold ii of tuscany first cousin of emperor ferdinand i of austria granted the constitution with the general approval of his subjects the habsburg example was followed by charles albert of sardinia through the albertine statute which later became the constitution of the unified kingdom of italy and remained in force with changes until 1948 26 and by pope pius ix through the fundamental statute however only king charles albert maintained the statute even after the end of the riots the kingdom of italy after the unification of italy in 1861 was a constitutional monarchy the new kingdom was governed by a parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberals a the italian socialist party increased in strength challenging the traditional liberal and conservative establishment from 1915 to 1918 the kingdom of italy took part in world war i on the side of the entente and against the central powers in 1922 following a period of crisis and turmoil the italian fascist dictatorship was established during world war ii italy was first part of the axis until it surrendered to the allied powers 1940 1943 and then as part of its territory was occupied by nazi germany with fascist collaboration a co belligerent of the allies during the italian resistance and the subsequent italian civil war and the liberation of italy 1943 1945 the aftermath of world war ii left italy also with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the fascist italy regime for the previous twenty years these frustrations contributed to a revival of the italian republican movement 27 italy became a republic after the 1946 italian institutional referendum 28 held on 2 june a day celebrated since as festa della repubblica italy has a written democratic constitution resulting from the work of a constituent assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of nazi and fascist forces during the liberation of italy and the italian civil war 29 and coming into force on 1 january 1948 japan edit in japan limited democratic reforms were introduced during the meiji period when the industrial modernization of japan began the taishō period 1912 1926 and the early shōwa period 30 despite pro democracy movements such as the freedom and people s rights movement 1870s and 1880s and some proto democratic institutions japanese society remained constrained by a highly conservative society and bureaucracy 30 historian kent e calder notes that writers that meiji leadership embraced constitutional government with some pluralist features for essentially tactical reasons and that pre world war ii japanese society was dominated by a loose coalition of landed rural elites big business and the military that was averse to pluralism and reformism 30 while the imperial diet survived the impacts of japanese militarism the great depression and the pacific war other pluralistic institutions such as political parties did not after world war ii during the allied occupation japan adopted a much more vigorous pluralistic democracy 30 voting in valparaíso chile in 1888 madagascar edit this section is an excerpt from 1990 1992 movement in madagascar edit the 1990 1992 movement in madagascar malagasy fihetsiketsehana 1990 1992 teto madagasikara was a period of widespread popular unrest in madagascar between march 1990 and august 1992 it began as a wave of strike action against the autocratic regime of president didier ratsiraka and culminated in the promulgation of a new constitution and a period of democratic transition leading to ratsiraka handing the presidency to opposition leader albert zafy in march 1993 31 malawi edit this section is an excerpt from 1993 malawian democracy referendum edit part of a series on politics of malawi constitution human rights government president list peter mutharika vice president jane ansah cabinet legislature national assembly speaker catherine gotani hara elections general 1964 1971 1976 1978 1983 1987 1992 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2025 presidential 2020 referendums 1993 political parties administrative divisions regions districts traditional authorities foreign relations ministry of foreign affairs minister nancy tembo diplomatic missions of in malawi passport visa requirements visa policy national symbols flag anthem malawi portal other countries v t e banda agreed to hold the referendum in response to international pressure and growing domestic unrest opposition groups had initially doubted the legitimacy of the process but eventually participated once they were allowed to register as special interest groups and after a series of discussions led to an agreed legal framework major opposition participants included the catholic and presbyterian churches the united democratic front representing internal opponents and dissident government officials and the alliance for democracy linked to trade unions and opposition groups in exile 32 latin america edit countries in latin america became independent between 1810 and 1825 and soon had some early experiences with representative government and elections all latin american countries established representative institutions soon after independence the early cases being those of colombia in 1810 paraguay and venezuela in 1811 and chile in 1818 33 adam przeworski shows that some experiments with representative institutions in latin america occurred earlier than in most european countries 34 mass democracy in which the working class had the right to vote become common only in the 1930s and 1940s 35 portugal edit this section is an excerpt from portuguese transition to democracy edit portugal s redemocratization process started with the carnation revolution of 1974 it ended with the enactment of the constitution of portugal in 1976 philippines edit a picture of corazon aquino campaigning under the unido banner during the 1986 snap elections in 1986 democratic institutions throughout the philippines were reinstated during the deposition of the 20 year long marcos regime through the people power revolution barred constitutionally from running a third term by 1973 ferdinand marcos and his administration announced proclamation no 1081 on september 23 1972 a declaration of martial law that deliberately decreed emergency powers over every democratic functions in the country ostensibly under the pretext of a communist overthrow throughout the 20 year long martial law most civil liberties of the once democratic philippines were suppressed criminalized or just plainly abolished by 1981 the loan reliant economy of the marcos regime experienced unforecasted contractions when the reagan administration announced the lowering of american interest rates during the global recession at that time further plunging the philippine economy into debt in 1983 ninoy aquino a renowned dissident of the marcos regime returned to the philippines after his self exile in the united states after disembarking china airlines flight 811 on gate 8 at manila international airport aquino on the service steps of his van guarded by the aviation security command avescom was shot multiple times by assailants outside the van at point blank he died from his wounds on the way to fort bonifacio hospital in response to the assassination of aquino public outrage revitalized in the form of jose w diokno s nationalist liberal democrat umbrella organization the kilusan sa kapangyarihan at karapatan ng bayan or kaakbay then leading the justice for aquino justice for all or jaja movement jaja consisted of the social democrat dominant august twenty one movement or the atom led by butz aquino these political movements and organizations coalesced into the kongreso ng mamamayang pilipino or kompil a call for parliamentarianism and democratization during this period in the middle of 1984 jaja was replaced by the coalition for the restoration of democracy cord with largely the same principles in november 1985 the rapid development of opposition organizations swayed the marcos administration with some american intervention to announce the batas pambansa blg 883 national law no 883 a 1986 snap election by the unicameral body the regular batasang pambansa immediately after the decree the united nationalist democratic organization unido the main opposition multi party electoral alliance rallied even more public support headed by assigned party leader corazon aquino benigno aquino s wife and salvador laurel the 1986 snap election was marred with electoral fraud as discrepant figures from both the government sponsored election canvasser commission on elections comelec and the publicly accredited poll watcher national movement for free elections namfrel finalized different tally figures comelec announced a marcos victory of 10 810 000 votes against aquino s 9 300 000 while namfrel announced an aquino victory of 7 840 000 votes against marcos 7 050 000 the apparent tampered snap election stirred public unrest even prompting comelec technicians to proceed with a walkout mid voting an event cited to be the first act of civil disobedience during the people power revolution occurring afterwards were a series of popular demonstrations against the regime occurring from february 22 to 26 referred to as the people power revolution then culminating into the departure of marcos and the non violent transition of power restoring democracy under aquino s unido immediately after aquino s ascension she ratified proclamation no 3 a law declaring a provisional constitution and government the promulgation of the 1986 freedom constitution superseded many of the autocratic provisions of the 1973 constitution abolishing the regular batasang pambansa along with plebiscitarian dependence for the creation of a new congress the official adoption of the 1987 constitution signalled the completion of philippine democratization senegal edit this section is ...
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