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riparian forest marsh several types of seasonal vernal pools and large lakes such as now dry tulare lake once the largest freshwater lake west of the mississippi buena vista lake and kern lake however much of the central valley environment has been altered by human activity including the introduction of exotic plants notably grasses the valley s grasslands wetlands and riparian forests constitute the california central valley grasslands a temperate grasslands savannas and shrublands ecoregion the foothill oak woodlands and chaparral that fringe the valley have been categorized as the california interior chaparral and woodlands ecoregion 15 the dominant grass of the valley was nassella pulchra mixed with other species but today only 1 of the grassland in the valley is intact grassland flowers include california poppy eschscholzia californica lupins and purple owl s clover castilleja exserta which can still be seen especially in antelope valley in the tehachapi mountains riverside trees include willows western sycamore platanus racemosa box elder acer negundo fremont cottonwood populus fremontii and the endemic valley oak quercus lobata another endemic species is brittlescale atriplex depressa which grows in saline and alkali soils 16 fauna edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2021 learn how and when to remove this message a sandhill crane antigone canadensis in a flooded field in butte county california on their wintering grounds in the central valley sandhill cranes forage primarily on waste grain in corn rice and wheat fields the central valley was once home to large populations of pronghorn antelope antilocapra americana elk including the endemic tule elk subspecies cervus elaphus nannodes mule deer odocoileus hemionus california ground squirrels gophers mice hare rabbits and kangaroo rats along with their predators including the san joaquin kit fox an endangered subspecies surviving on the san joaquin valley s hillsides the valley s wetlands were an important habitat for wintering waterbirds and migrating birds of other kinds reptiles and amphibians of the valley include the endemic san joaquin coachwhip snake masticophis flagellum ruddocki blunt nosed leopard lizard gambelia sila gilbert s skink eumeces gilberti and the western aquatic garter snake thamnophis couchii endemic invertebrates are present the central valley is home to endemic fish species including the sacramento pikeminnow sacramento perch sacramento blackfish and sacramento splittail protected areas edit the great valley grasslands state park preserves an example of the valley s native grass habitat while oak savanna habitats survive near visalia areas of wetland and riverside woodland are found in the north especially by the sacramento river system including the nature conservancy s cosumnes river preserve just south of sacramento gray lodge wildlife area butte sink wildlife management area and other patches in the delta area remaining vernal pools include pixley national wildlife refuge between tulare california and bakersfield and jepson prairie preserve in the delta large blocks of desert scrubland exist in the southern san joaquin valley and the carrizo plain just outside the valley but offering a similar landscape the wetlands have been the target of rescue operations to restore areas replaced by agriculture 17 these patches of natural habitat are disconnected which is particularly damaging for wildlife that is used to migrating along the rivers agriculture grazing land and the draining of lakes and rivers have radically altered valley habitats most of the grassland has been overtaken by new species most vernal pools have been destroyed leaving only those on the higher slopes the marshland has been drained and the riverbank woodlands have nearly all been affected citation needed health edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2024 learn how and when to remove this message the valley gives its name to valley fever which is primarily a disease of the lungs that is common in the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico 18 it is caused by the fungus coccidioides immitis which grows in soils in areas of low rainfall high summer temperatures and moderate winter temperatures these fungal spores become airborne when the soil is disturbed by winds construction or farming this illness frequently takes weeks or months to resolve occasionally valley fever is life threatening or even fatal due to the agricultural industry s significant presence in the valley pesticide drift and leaching have become concerns residents risk contamination when living in proximity to application sites air pollution edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed december 2022 learn how and when to remove this message air pollution is a growing problem that affects all of the citizens in the central valley some reasons of poor air pollution in the central valley are due to agriculture and its geographical features increasing the stagnation of automobile and other particulate pollution since the central valley consists mostly of farming land in a wide flat valley the emissions from the soil that is used for growing produce are released into the air the soil exudes nitrous oxide an odorless and colorless gas that can be harmful when exposed to it for a long period of time and incorporates itself into the ozone layer located at ground level 19 production of nitrous oxide in california has shown that the addition of soil and fertilization can emit about 161 100 metric tons per year long term effects that nitrous oxide can have on a human being is loss of blood pressure fainting anemia or lung cancer the physical geographical attributes can also contribute to the air pollution quality the central valley is surrounded by mountain ranges which can capture the pollution coming from the agricultural farming preventing it from dispersing from the other areas in california 20 climate edit within a long period of groundwater depletion short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social environmental and economic consequences 21 the northern central valley has a hot summer mediterranean climate köppen climate classification csa the more southerly parts in rainshadow zones are dry enough to be mediterranean steppe or even low latitude desert bwh as in areas around bakersfield it is very hot and dry during the summer and cool and damp in winter when frequent ground fog known regionally as tule fog can obscure vision summer daytime temperatures frequently surpass 100 f 38 c and common heat waves might bring temperatures exceeding 115 f 46 c mid autumn to mid spring is the rainy season although during the late summer southeasterly winds can bring tropical thunderstorms mainly in the southern half of the san joaquin valley but occasionally to the sacramento valley the northern half of the central valley receives greater precipitation than the semidesert southern half frost occurs at times in the fall months but snow is extremely rare 22 tule fog edit main article tule fog this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2021 learn how and when to remove this message tule fog in kern county tule fog ˈ t uː l iː is a thick ground fog that settles along the valley s length tule fog forms during the late fall and winter california s rainy season after the first significant rainfall the official season is from november 1 to march 31 this phenomenon is named after the valley s tule grass wetlands tulares auto collisions caused by the tule fog are the leading cause of weather related casualties in california statistics for selected cities edit climate data for sacramento california sacramento executive airport 1991 2020 normals extremes 1941 present a month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high f c 76 24 78 26 88 31 95 35 105 41 115 46 114 46 112 44 114 46 104 40 87 31 74 23 115 46 mean maximum f c 65 2 18 4 71 1 21 7 78 1 25 6 87 4 30 8 95 3 35 2 103 1 39 5 105 3 40 7 104 1 40 1 100 6 38 1 91 8 33 2 76 5 24 7 65 1 18 4 107 0 41 7 mean daily maximum f c 56 0 13 3 61 3 16 3 66 3 19 1 72 1 22 3 80 3 26 8 87 9 31 1 92 6 33 7 91 9 33 3 88 5 31 4 78 8 26 0 65 0 18 3 56 0 13 3 74 7 23 7 daily mean f c 47 6 8 7 51 4 10 8 55 4 13 0 59 5 15 3 66 1 18 9 72 2 22 3 75 9 24 4 75 3 24 1 72 5 22 5 64 5 18 1 53 9 12 2 47 3 8 5 61 8 16 6 mean daily minimum f c 39 2 4 0 41 5 5 3 44 5 6 9 47 0 8 3 52 0 11 1 56 5 13 6 59 2 15 1 58 8 14 9 56 5 13 6 50 3 10 2 42 7 5 9 38 5 3 6 48 9 9 4 mean minimum f c 29 1 1 6 31 7 0 2 35 1 1 7 37 9 3 3 44 1 6 7 49 5 9 7 54 1 12 3 53 8 12 1 49 6 9 8 41 7 5 4 32 7 0 4 28 7 1 8 26 9 2 8 record low f c 20 7 23 5 26 3 31 1 34 1 41 5 48 9 48 9 42 6 35 2 26 3 18 8 18 8 average precipitation inches mm 3 66 93 3 49 89 2 68 68 1 26 32 0 75 19 0 23 5 8 0 00 0 00 0 04 1 0 0 09 2 3 0 85 22 1 66 42 3 43 87 18 14 461 average precipitation days 0 01 in 10 0 9 1 9 0 5 1 3 6 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 7 3 1 6 1 9 6 57 7 average relative humidity 83 3 76 8 71 6 64 5 58 9 55 0 53 2 55 7 57 0 63 1 75 6 82 9 66 5 average dew point f c 39 4 4 1 42 1 5 6 42 8 6 0 43 7 6 5 46 9 8 3 50 4 10 2 53 1 11 7 53 4 11 9 50 9 10 5 47 5 8 6 43 7 6 5 39 2 4 0 46 1 7 8 mean monthly sunshine hours 145 5 201 3 278 0 329 6 406 3 419 5 440 2 406 9 347 8 296 7 194 9 141 1 3 607 8 percentage possible sunshine 48 67 75 83 92 94 98 96 93 86 64 48 81 source noaa relative humidity dew point and sun 1961 1990 24 25 26 climate data for sacramento 5 ese california sacramento state 27 1991 2020 normals extremes 1877 present month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high f c 79 26 80 27 90 32 98 37 107 42 112 44 114 46 112 44 116 47 102 39 86 30 72 22 116 47 mean maximum f c 66 4 19 1 72 5 22 5 80 6 27 0 89 5 31 9 97 1 36 2 104 4 40 2 106 7 41 5 105 5 40 8 102 0 38 9 92 3 33 5 77 3 25 2 65 9 18 8 108 1 42 3 mean daily maximum f c 56 5 13 6 62 2 16 8 67 8 19 9 73 5 23 1 81 3 27 4 89 0 31 7 94 4 34 7 93 5 34 2 89 3 31 8 78 9 26 1 65 3 18 5 56 4 13 6 75 7 24 3 daily mean f c 48 8 9 3 52 9 11 6 57 2 14 0 61 4 16 3 67 7 19 8 73 9 23 3 77 9 25 5 77 3 25 2 74 0 23 3 65 9 18 8 55 3 12 9 48 5 9 2 63 4 17 4 mean daily minimum f c 41 1 5 1 43 7 6 5 46 7 8 2 49 3 9 6 54 0 12 2 58 7 14 8 61 4 16 3 61 0 16 1 58 8 14 9 52 9 11 6 45 3 7 4 40 7 4 8 51 1 10 6 mean minimum f c 32 5 0 3 35 4 1 9 38 8 3 8 41 6 5 3 47 2 8 4 51 9 11 1 55 9 13 3 55 9 13 3 52 4 11 3 45 1 7 3 36 2 2 3 31 9 0 1 30 5 0 8 record low f c 19 7 21 6 29 2 34 1 37 3 43 6 47 8 48 9 44 7 34 1 27 3 17 8 17 8 average precipitation inches mm 3 87 98 3 63 92 2 82 72 1 44 37 0 86 22 0 21 5 3 0 00 0 00 0 02 0 51 0 15 3 8 0 93 24 1 78 45 3 49 89 19 20 488 average precipitation days 0 01 in 10 8 9 6 9 2 5 3 3 7 1 2 0 1 0 2 0 8 3 1 6 8 10 1 60 9 source noaa 24 28 29 western regional climate center 30 climate data for fresno california fresno airport 1991 2020 normals b extremes 1881 present c month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high f c 78 26 84 29 93 34 101 38 110 43 112 44 115 46 113 45 114 46 105 41 90 32 77 25 115 46 mean maximum f c 68 1 20 1 73 7 23 2 81 9 27 7 90 8 32 7 99 0 37 2 105 9 41 1 107 7 42 1 107 1 41 7 103 1 39 5 93 2 34 0 79 6 26 4 67 4 19 7 109 2 42 9 mean daily maximum f c 55 4 13 0 61 3 16 3 67 5 19 7 73 7 23 2 82 7 28 2 91 4 33 0 97 7 36 5 96 5 35 8 90 7 32 6 78 7 25 9 64 9 18 3 55 3 12 9 76 3 24 6 daily mean f c 48 0 8 9 52 3 11 3 57 4 14 1 62 3 16 8 70 2 21 2 77 6 25 3 83 5 28 6 82 2 27 9 77 1 25 1 66 7 19 3 55 1 12 8 47 5 8 6 65 0 18 3 mean daily minimum f c 40 6 4 8 43 3 6 3 47 3 8 5 50 9 10 5 57 6 14 2 63 9 17 7 69 3 20 7 67 9 19 9 63 4 17 4 54 6 12 6 45 4 7 4 39 8 4 3 53 7 12 1 mean minimum f c 30 5 0 8 33 4 0 8 37 2 2 9 40 4 4 7 47 7 8 7 52 9 11 6 60 1 15 6 59 7 15 4 53 8 12 1 44 6 7 0 34 7 1 5 30 2 1 0 28 8 1 8 record low f c 17 8 24 4 26 3 32 0 36 2 42 6 50 10 49 9 37 3 27 3 26 3 18 8 17 8 average precipitation inches mm 2 16 55 1 93 49 1 90 48 1 04 26 0 42 11 0 24 6 1 0 03 0 76 0 00 0 00 0 05 1 3 0 56 14 0 87 22 1 79 45 10 99 279 average precipitation days 0 01 in 7 7 8 5 7 2 4 5 2 7 0 7 0 3 0 1 0 6 2 2 4 7 7 3 46 5 average relative humidity 83 3 77 2 68 9 57 4 47 3 41 9 39 2 44 7 50 0 58 5 74 1 84 2 60 6 average dew point f c 39 4 4 1 42 4 5 8 43 2 6 2 43 2 6 2 45 3 7 4 48 9 9 4 52 3 11 3 54 1 12 3 51 6 10 9 47 3 8 5 43 2 6 2 39 6 4 2 45 9 7 7 mean monthly sunshine hours 141 5 196 9 286 2 335 5 398 9 412 2 428 2 399 6 345 9 302 3 189 9 127 1 3 564 2 percentage possible sunshine 46 65 77 85 91 94 96 95 93 87 62 42 80 source noaa relative humidity dew points and sun 1961 1990 31 32 33 hydrography edit sacramento river watershed san joaquin river watershed tulare basin watershed two river systems drain and define the two parts of the central valley the sacramento river along with its tributaries the feather river and american river flows southwards through the sacramento valley for about 447 miles 719 km 34 in the san joaquin valley the san joaquin river flows roughly northwest for 365 miles 587 km picking up tributaries such as the merced river tuolumne river stanislaus river and mokelumne river 35 the central valley watershed encompasses over a third of california at 60 000 square miles 160 000 km 2 with 46 percent draining into the sacramento river 26 percent into the san joaquin and 27 percent into tulare lake in the southern part of the san joaquin valley the alluvial fan of the kings river and another from coast ranges streams have created a divide the dry tulare basin of the central valley receives flow from four major sierra nevada rivers the kings kaweah tule and kern this basin usually endorheic formerly filled during snowmelt and spilled out into the san joaquin river called tulare lake it is usually dry because the rivers feeding it have been diverted for agricultural purposes 36 central valley rivers converge in the sacramento san joaquin delta a network of marshy channels distributaries and sloughs that wind around islands mainly used for agriculture there the rivers merge with tidewater and eventually reach the ocean after passing through suisun bay san pablo bay upper san francisco bay and finally the golden gate many of the islands lie below sea level because of intensive agriculture and face a high risk of flooding which would allow salt water to rush back into the delta especially when too little fresh water is flowing in from the valley 37 the sacramento river carries far more water than the san joaquin with an...
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