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ws newspapers books scholar jstor july 2024 learn how and when to remove this message this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources chemical formula news newspapers books scholar jstor january 2026 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message al 2 so 4 3 displaystyle ce al_2 so_4 _3 chemical formula for aluminium sulfate h c h h c h h c h h c h h h displaystyle ce h overset displaystyle h atop underset atop displaystyle h c overset displaystyle h atop underset atop displaystyle h c overset displaystyle h atop underset atop displaystyle h c overset displaystyle h atop underset atop displaystyle h c h structural formula for butane a chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule using chemical element symbols numbers and sometimes also other symbols such as parentheses dashes brackets commas and plus and minus signs these are limited to a single typographic line of symbols which may include subscripts and superscripts a chemical formula is not a chemical name since it does not contain any words although a chemical formula may imply certain simple chemical structures it is not the same as a full chemical structural formula chemical formulae can fully specify the structure of only the simplest of molecules and chemical substances and are generally more limited in power than chemical names and structural formulae the simplest types of chemical formulae are called empirical formulae which use letters and numbers indicating the numerical proportions of atoms of each type molecular formulae indicate the simple numbers of each type of atom in a molecule with no information on structure for example the empirical formula for glucose is ch 2 o twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon and oxygen while its molecular formula is c 6 h 12 o 6 12 hydrogen atoms six carbon and oxygen atoms sometimes a chemical formula is complicated by being written as a condensed formula or condensed molecular formula occasionally called a semi structural formula which conveys additional information about the particular ways in which the atoms are chemically bonded together either in covalent bonds ionic bonds or various combinations of these types this is possible if the relevant bonding is easy to show in one dimension an example is the condensed molecular chemical formula for ethanol which is ch 3 ch 2 oh or ch 3 ch 2 oh however even a condensed chemical formula is necessarily limited in its ability to show complex bonding relationships between atoms especially atoms that have bonds to four or more different substituents since a chemical formula must be expressed as a single line of chemical element symbols it often cannot be as informative as a true structural formula which is a graphical representation of the spatial relationship between atoms in chemical compounds see for example the figure for butane structural and chemical formulae at right for reasons of structural complexity a single condensed chemical formula or semi structural formula may correspond to different molecules known as isomers for example glucose shares its molecular formula c 6 h 12 o 6 with a number of other sugars including fructose galactose and mannose linear equivalent chemical names exist that can and do specify uniquely any complex structural formula see chemical nomenclature but such names must use many terms words rather than the simple element symbols numbers and simple typographical symbols that define a chemical formula chemical formulae may be used in chemical equations to describe chemical reactions and other chemical transformations such as the dissolving of ionic compounds into solution while as noted chemical formulae do not have the full power of structural formulae to show chemical relationships between atoms they are sufficient to keep track of numbers of atoms and numbers of electrical charges in chemical reactions thus balancing chemical equations so that these equations can be used in chemical problems involving conservation of atoms and conservation of electric charge overview a chemical formula identifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol and indicates the proportionate number of atoms of each element in empirical formulae these proportions begin with a key element and then assign numbers of atoms of the other elements in the compound by ratios to the key element for molecular compounds these ratio numbers can all be expressed as whole numbers for example the empirical formula of ethanol may be written c 2 h 6 o because the molecules of ethanol all contain two carbon atoms six hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom some types of ionic compounds however cannot be written with entirely whole number empirical formulae an example is boron carbide whose formula of cb n is a variable non whole number ratio with n ranging from over 4 to more than 6 5 when the chemical compound of the formula consists of simple molecules chemical formulae often employ ways to suggest the structure of the molecule these types of formulae are variously known as molecular formulae and condensed formulae a molecular formula enumerates the number of atoms to reflect those in the molecule so that the molecular formula for glucose is c 6 h 12 o 6 rather than the glucose empirical formula which is ch 2 o however except for very simple substances molecular chemical formulae lack needed structural information and are ambiguous for simple molecules a condensed or semi structural formula is a type of chemical formula that may fully imply a correct structural formula for example ethanol may be represented by the condensed chemical formula ch 3 ch 2 oh and dimethyl ether by the condensed formula ch 3 och 3 these two molecules have the same empirical and molecular formulae c 2 h 6 o but may be differentiated by the condensed formulae shown which are sufficient to represent the full structure of these simple organic compounds condensed chemical formulae may also be used to represent ionic compounds that do not exist as discrete molecules but nonetheless do contain covalently bound clusters within them these polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that are covalently bound together and have an overall ionic charge such as the sulfate so 4 2 ion each polyatomic ion in a compound is written individually in order to illustrate the separate groupings for example the compound dichlorine hexoxide has an empirical formula clo 3 and molecular formula cl 2 o 6 but in liquid or solid forms this compound is more correctly shown by an ionic condensed formula clo 2 clo 4 which illustrates that this compound consists of clo 2 ions and clo 4 ions in such cases the condensed formula only need be complex enough to show at least one of each ionic species chemical formulae as described here are distinct from the far more complex chemical systematic names that are used in various systems of chemical nomenclature for example one systematic name for glucose is 2 r 3 s 4 r 5 r 2 3 4 5 6 pentahydroxyhexanal this name interpreted by the rules behind it fully specifies glucose s structural formula but the name is not a chemical formula as usually understood and uses terms and words not used in chemical formulae such names unlike basic formulae may be able to represent full structural formulae without graphs types empirical formula main article empirical formula in chemistry the empirical formula of a chemical is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom or ratio of the elements in the compound empirical formulae are the standard for ionic compounds such as cacl 2 and for macromolecules such as sio 2 an empirical formula makes no reference to isomerism structure or absolute number of atoms the term empirical refers to the process of elemental analysis a technique of analytical chemistry used to determine the relative percent composition of a pure chemical substance by element for example hexane has a molecular formula of c 6 h 14 and for one of its isomers n hexane a structural formula ch 3 ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 2 ch 3 implying that it has a chain structure of 6 carbon atoms and 14 hydrogen atoms however the empirical formula for hexane is c 3 h 7 likewise the empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide h 2 o 2 is simply ho expressing the 1 1 ratio of component elements formaldehyde and acetic acid have the same empirical formula ch 2 o this is also the molecular formula for formaldehyde but acetic acid has double the number of atoms like the other formula types detailed below an empirical formula shows the number of elements in a molecule and determines whether it is a binary compound ternary compound quaternary compound or has even more elements molecular formula isobutane structural formula molecular formula c 4 h 10 condensed formula ch 3 3 ch h c h h c h h c h h c h h h displaystyle ce h overset displaystyle h atop underset atop displaystyle h c overset displaystyle h atop underset atop displaystyle h c overset displaystyle h atop underset atop displaystyle h c overset displaystyle h atop underset atop displaystyle h c h n butane structural formula molecular formula c 4 h 10 condensed formula ch 3 ch 2 ch 2 ch 3 molecular formulae simply indicate the numbers of each type of atom in a molecule of a molecular substance they are the same as empirical formulae for molecules that only have one atom of a particular type but otherwise may have larger numbers an example of the difference is the empirical formula for glucose which is ch 2 o ratio 1 2 1 while its molecular formula is c 6 h 12 o 6 number of atoms 6 12 6 for water both formulae are h 2 o a molecular formula provides more information about a molecule than its empirical formula but is more difficult to establish structural formula main article structural formula in addition to indicating the number of atoms of each element in a molecule a structural formula shows or implies the molecule s connectivity which is the pattern of chemical bonds between the atoms there are several types of structural formula each emphasizing different aspects of the molecular structure the two diagrams show two molecules which are structural isomers of each other since they both have the same molecular formula c 4 h 10 but they have different structural formulas as shown condensed formula main article condensed formula the connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms i e a pair of isomers might have completely different chemical and or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or in different positions in such cases a structural formula is useful as it illustrates which atoms are bonded to which other ones from the connectivity it is often possible to deduce the approximate shape of the molecule a condensed or semi structural formula may represent the types and spatial arrangement of bonds in a simple chemical substance though it does not necessarily specify isomers or complex structures for example ethane consists of two carbon atoms single bonded to each other with each carbon atom having three hydrogen atoms bonded to it its chemical formula can be rendered as ch 3 ch 3 in ethylene there is a double bond between the carbon atoms and thus each carbon only has two hydrogens therefore the chemical formula may be written ch 2 ch 2 and the fact that there is a double bond between the carbons is implicit because carbon has a valence of four however a more explicit method is to write h 2 c ch 2 or less commonly h 2 c ch 2 the two lines or two pairs of dots indicate that a double bond connects the atoms on either side of them a triple bond may be expressed with three lines hc ch or three pairs of dots hc ch and if there may be ambiguity a single line or pair of dots may be used to indicate a single bond molecules with multiple functional groups that are the same may be expressed by enclosing the repeated group in round brackets for example isobutane may be written ch 3 3 ch this condensed structural formula implies a different connectivity from other molecules that can be formed using the same atoms in the same proportions isomers the formula ch 3 3 ch implies a central carbon atom connected to one hydrogen atom and three methyl groups ch 3 the same number of atoms of each element 10 hydrogens and 4 carbons or c 4 h 10 may be used to make a straight chain molecule n butane ch 3 ch 2 ch 2 ch 3 crystal chemical formula chemical formulae for inorganic crystals typically omit structural information of value to crystallographers and mineralologists such as the linkage type dimensionality of subnetworks within the crystal the coordination polyhedron coordination geometry of the first coordination sphere of each atom and the structural connectivity between subunits 1 the international union of crystallography iucr has proposed a crystal chemical formula notation that extends standard formulae with optional annotations for these items 2 for example while quartz fibrous silica and stishovite all have the same formula unit sio 2 their crystal chemical formulas demonstrate the structural differences between these polymorphs of silica quartz may be described as 3 si 4 t 1 4 o 2 indicating it has a three dimensional network structure with tetrahedral coordination geometry at each si atom where each sio 4 tetrahedron is linked to four adjacent tetrahedra via single shared o atoms fibrous silica may be described as 1 si 4 t 2 2 o 2 indicating it consists of one dimensional chains of sio 4 tetrahedra each linked to two others via shared pairs of o atoms and stishovite may be described as 3 si 6 o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 10 o 2 indicating it has a three dimensional network structure with octahedral coordination geometry at each silicon atom where each sio 6 octahedron is linked to ten adjacent octahedra eight via single shared o atoms and two via shared pairs of o atoms 2 chemical names in answer to limitations of chemical formulae main article chemical nomenclature the alkene called but 2 ene has two isomers which the chemical formula ch 3 ch chch 3 does not identify the relative position of the two methyl groups must be indicated by additional notation denoting whether the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond cis or z or on the opposite sides from each other trans or e 3 as noted above in order to represent the full structural formulae of many complex organic and inorganic compounds chemical nomenclature may be needed which goes well beyond the available resources used above in simple condensed formulae see iupac nomenclature of organic chemistry and iupac nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005 for examples in addition linear naming systems such as internat...
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