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latham 7 the tūī is now the only species placed in the genus prosthemadera that was introduced in 1840 by the english zoologist george gray 8 9 the genus name combines the ancient greek prosthema meaning appendage with dera meaning neck 10 two subspecies are recognised 9 p n novaeseelandiae gmelin jf 1788 north south stewart and satellites kermadec islands northeast of north island and auckland islands south of south island new zealand p n chathamensis hartert ejo 1928 chatham islands east of south island new zealand the bird s name comes from the māori language although there are 14 other māori names for the tūī including kōkō 11 12 the plural is tūī in modern new zealand english or ngā tūī in māori usage 13 some speakers still use the s suffix to produce the anglicised form tūīs to indicate plurality but this practice is becoming less common 14 for many years the prevailing spelling was tui without the macrons that indicate long vowels but spelling māori loanwords with macrons is now common in new zealand english 15 16 the international ornithologists union ioc which has a policy of not using accents 17 lists tui as the bird s english name 18 early european colonists called it the parson bird 19 or mocking bird 20 but these names are no longer used 21 the closest living relative to tūī is the new zealand bellbird genetic analysis indicates its ancestor diverged from a lineage that gave rise to the new zealand and chatham bellbirds around 5 million years ago 22 the cladogram below shows this relationship plain honeyeater pycnopygius ixoides marbled honeyeater pycnopygius cinereus tūī prosthemadera novaeseelandiae new zealand bellbird anthornis melanura chatham bellbird anthornis melanocephala description edit the tūī is a large honeyeater 27 to 32 cm 11 13 in in length the chatham islands subspecies is larger on average than the nominate subspecies and heavier males tend to be heavier than females nominate males weigh between 65 150 g 2 3 5 3 oz and females 58 105 g 2 0 3 7 oz males of the chatham subspecies are 89 240 g 3 1 8 5 oz and females 89 170 g 3 1 6 0 oz 23 at first glance the bird appears completely black except for a small tuft of white feathers at its neck and a small white wing patch causing it to resemble a parson in clerical attire on closer inspection see image it can be seen that tūī have brown feathers on the back and flanks a multicoloured iridescent sheen that varies with the angle from which the light strikes them and a dusting of small white shafted feathers on the back and sides of the neck that produce a lacy collar painting of adult and young tūī several photos showing a tūī in flight distribution and habitat edit tūī are native to new zealand and are found throughout the country particularly the north island the west and south coasts of the south island stewart island rakiura and the chatham islands where an endangered sub species particular to these islands exists other populations live on raoul island in the kermadecs 24 and in the auckland islands where with the new zealand bellbird it is the most southerly species of honeyeater 25 traditionally māori ate tūī that had been preserved in calabashes or gourds populations have declined considerably since european settlement mainly as a result of widespread habitat destruction and predation by mammalian invasive species citation needed nonetheless the species is considered secure and has made recoveries in some areas particularly after removal of livestock has allowed vegetation to recover predation by introduced species remains a threat particularly brushtail possums which eat eggs and chicks cats stoats the common myna which competes with tūī for food and sometimes takes eggs blackbirds and rats 23 tūī prefer broadleaf forests at low altitudes although have been recorded up to 1500 metres 23 they will tolerate quite small remnant patches regrowth exotic plantations and well vegetated suburbs they are one of the most common birds found in urban wellington tūī are usually seen singly in pairs or in small family groups but will congregate in large numbers at suitable food sources often in company with silvereyes bellbirds or kererū new zealand pigeon in any combination generally when interspecific competition for the same food resources among new zealand s two species of honeyeater occurs there is a hierarchy with the tūī at the top and bellbirds subordinate the latter are thus frequently chased off by tūī at a food source such as a flowering flax plant 23 behaviour and ecology edit 1888 illustration of a tūī nest male tūī can be extremely aggressive chasing all other birds large and small from their territory with loud flapping and sounds akin to rude human speech this is especially true of other tūī when possession of a favoured feeding tree is impinged birds will often erect their body feathers in order to appear larger in an attempt to intimidate a rival they have even been known to mob harriers and magpies 26 the powered flight of tūī is quite loud as they have developed short wide wings giving excellent maneuverability in the dense forest they prefer but requiring rapid flapping they can be seen to perform a mating display of rising at speed in a vertical climb in clear air before stalling and dropping into a powered dive then repeating 26 much of this behaviour is more notable during the breeding season of early spring september and october females alone build nests of twigs grasses and mosses 26 feeding edit tūī feeding on kōwhai flower nectar is the normal diet but fruit and insects are frequently eaten and pollen and seeds more occasionally particularly popular is the new zealand flax whose nectar sometimes ferments resulting in the tūī flying in a fashion that suggests that they might be drunk they are the main pollinators of flax kōwhai kaka beak and some other plants note that the flowers of the three plants mentioned are similar in shape to the tūī s beak a vivid example of mutualistic coevolution 27 breeding edit the large untidy shallow cup shaped nest is built by both sexes but the female does most of the work the eggs usually have a pale pink or white background with blotches of pale red mostly at the larger end the clutch is usually 4 eggs and the average size of an eggs is 27 5 mm 20 3 mm 1 08 in 0 80 in the eggs are incubated by the female alone for 14 days both sexes feed the young and remove the faecal sacs the chicks fledge after around 20 days the parents continue to feed the fledglings for another couple of weeks 28 the birds are nidicolous 29 songs and calls edit tūī singing 1 tūī singing at johnsonville in wellington tūī singing 2 tūī singing at trelissick park in wellington problems playing these files see media help tūī are known for their noisy unusual sometimes soulful calls different for each individual that combine bellbird like notes with clicks cackles timber like creaks and groans and wheezing sounds 30 tūī have a complex variety of songs and calls much like parrots 31 they also resemble parrots in their ability to clearly imitate human speech 32 and were trained by māori to replicate complex speech 33 they also re create sounds like glass shattering car alarms classical music and advertising jingles 30 all birds have a sound producing organ called a syrinx which is typically controlled with two sets of muscles songbirds or passerines like tūī have nine pairs of muscles giving them the ability to produce much more complex vocalisations and they can be seen to be very physically involved with their songs their dual voice box allow tūī to make two sounds at the same time 30 tūī song also exhibits geographical microgeographic seasonal sex and individual variation 34 35 36 37 tūī will also sing at night especially around the full moon period 38 gallery edit tūī tūī feeding on harakeke tūī on kōwhai juvenile tūī tūī on kōwhai tūī feeding on red hot poker tūī amongst kōwhai feathers fluffed up and calling parent feeding juvenile tūī defending a food source from a much larger kākā parrot a short video of tūī vocalisations references edit birdlife international 2017 prosthemadera novaeseelandiae iucn red list of threatened species 2017 e t22704472a118658026 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2017 3 rlts t22704472a118658026 en retrieved 11 november 2021 parkinson sydney 1773 a journal of a voyage to the south seas in his majesty s ship the endeavour 2nd ed london printed for stanfield parkinson pp 89 115 errata 1 2 medway david g 1976 extant types of new zealand birds from cook s voyages part 2 the type specimens pdf notornis 23 2 120 137 126 128 133 doi 10 63172 367430antwuv brown peter 1776 nouvelles illustrations de zoologie contenant cinquante planches enlumineés d oiseaux curieux et qui non etés jamais descrits et quelques de quadrupedes de reptiles et d insectes avec de courtes descriptions systematiques in french and english london b white p 18 plate 9 cook james furneaux tobias 1777 a voyage towards the south pole and round the world performed in his majesty s ships the resolution and adventure in the years 1772 1773 1774 and 1775 vol 1 2nd ed london w strahan and t cadell p 98 plate 52 latham john 1782 a general synopsis of birds vol 1 part 2 london printed for leigh and sotheby p 682 no 17 gmelin johann friedrich 1788 systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in latin vol 1 part 1 13th ed lipsiae leipzig georg emanuel beer p 464 gray george robert 1840 a list of the genera of birds with an indication of the typical species of each genus london r and j e taylor p 15 1 2 gill frank donsker david rasmussen pamela eds january 2023 honeyeaters ioc world bird list version 13 1 international ornithologists union retrieved 24 march 2023 jobling james a 2010 the helm dictionary of scientific bird names london christopher helm p 318 isbn 978 1 4081 2501 4 wehi priscilla macleod catriona scott karen whaanga hēmi matamua rangi scofield paul brake c mary the story of tūī ngā kōrero o te tūī manaaki whenua landcare research retrieved 2 january 2026 kōkō te aka māori dictionary retrieved 2 january 2026 understanding the māori dictionary entries māori dictionary retrieved 21 february 2014 hay et al 2008 new zealand english edinburgh edinburgh university press p 74 crewdson patrick 10 september 2017 why stuff is introducing macrons for te reo māori words stuff retrieved 17 august 2021 nicholls jenny 23 april 2021 these grumpy old pūkeko need to get off the grass stuff retrieved 17 august 2021 patronyms and accents ioc world bird list retrieved 24 september 2021 gill frank donsker david eds 2021 honeyeaters world bird list version 11 2 international ornithologists union retrieved 21 september 2021 walter lawry buller 1888 a history of the birds of new zealand p 95 thomson arthur saunders 1859 the story of new zealand past and present savage and civilised london j murray p 24 jennifer hay margaret mclagan elizabeth gordon 2008 new zealand english edinburgh university press isbn 978 0 7486 2530 7 marki petter z jønsson knud a irestedt martin nguyen jacqueline m t rahbek carsten fjeldså jon 2017 supermatrix phylogeny and biogeography of the australasian meliphagides radiation aves passeriformes molecular phylogenetics and evolution 107 516 29 bibcode 2017molpe 107 516m doi 10 1016 j ympev 2016 12 021 hdl 10852 65203 pmid 28017855 1 2 3 4 higgins p j christidis l ford h a 2008 family meliphagidae honeyeaters in del hoyo j elliott a christie d a eds handbook of the birds of the world vol 13 penduline tits to shrikes barcelona spain lynx edicions pp 498 691 587 isbn 978 84 96553 45 3 veitch c r miskelly c m harper g a taylor g a tennyson a j d 2004 birds of the kermadec islands south west pacific pdf notornis 51 2 61 90 doi 10 63172 239332vjutmu department of conservation 1999 new zealand s subantarctic islands reed books auckland isbn 0 7900 0719 3 1 2 3 tui facts new zealand native land birds department of conservation retrieved 21 september 2007 kelly dave et al 2010 mutualisms with the wreckage of an avifauna the status of bird pollination and fruit dispersal in new zealand pdf new zealand journal of ecology 34 1 66 85 archived from the original pdf on 29 december 2011 retrieved 12 october 2011 higgins peter steele 2001 pp 1201 1203 bosque carlos bosque maria teresa 1995 nest predation as a selective factor in the evolution of developmental rates in altricial birds the american naturalist 145 2 university of chicago press american society of naturalists 234 260 bibcode 1995anat 145 234b doi 10 1086 285738 issn 0003 0147 jstor 2463125 1 2 3 new zealand geographic tui new zealand geographic retrieved 4 may 2020 tui one of the world s most intelligent birds archived 2014 02 01 at the wayback machine 3 news accessed 2012 10 16 videos of woof woof the talking tūī whangarei native bird recovery centre accessed 2010 09 14 the tūī prosthemadera novaeseelandiae te ara encyclopedia of new zealand accessed 2012 04 11 hill s d ji w parker k a amiot c wells s j 2013 a comparison of vocalisations between mainland tui prosthemadera novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae and chatham island tui p n chathamensis pdf new zealand journal of ecology 37 2 214 223 hill s d ji w 2013 microgeographic variation in song phrases of tui prosthemadera novaeseelandiae pdf notornis 60 3 262 263 doi 10 63172 788665duvtmy hill s d amiot c ludbrook m r ji w 2015 seasonal variation in the song structure of tui prosthemadera novaeseelandiae pdf new zealand journal of ecology 39 1 110 115 jstor 26198701 hill s d pawley m d m ji w 2017 local habitat complexity correlates with song complexity in a vocally elaborate honeyeater austral ecology 42 5 590 596 bibcode 2017ausec 42 590h doi 10 1111 aec 12477 paul s r mckenzie h r 1975 a bushman s seventeen years of noting birds introduction and part a bellbird and tui pdf notornis 22 2 122 130 doi 10 63172 287102mcvpdl sources edit higgins p j peter j m steele w k eds 2001 prosthemadera novaeseelandiae tui pdf handbook of australian new zealand antarctic birds vol 5 tyrant flycatchers to chats melbourne victoria oxford university press pp 1191 1207 isbn 978 0 19 553258 6 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to prosthemadera novaeseelandiae look up tui in wiktionary the free dictionary prosthemaderas novæ zealandiæ tui or parson bird from a history of the birds of new zealand by walter buller tui new zealand native land birds department of conservation chatham island tui recovery plan 2001 2011 pdf department of conservation wellington new zealand 2001 retrieved 19 september 2007 kiwi wildlife tours sound gallery mp3 link comparison can be made with the bellbird song through this page v t e birds of new zealand common birds bellbird korimako black billed gull tarāpuka brown creeper pipipi brown teal pāteke buff banded rail moho pererū dabchick weweia double banded plover pohowera new zealand falcon kārearea fantail pīwakawaka grey warble...
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