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es from slipping and improve quality often the software manger believes the software myth as it lessens the pressure temporarily myth we already have a book that s full of standards and procedures for building software won t that provide my people with everything they need to know reality the book of standards may exist but is it used are software developers aware that it exists does it reflect modern software development practice is it complete in many cases the answer to these questions is no myth my people have the latest software development tools after all we do buy them the latest computers reality it takes more than the latest computer to do high quality software development computer aided software engineering case tools are more important than hardware for achieving good quality and productivity yet the majority of software developers still do not use them myth if we get behind schedule we can add more programmers and catch up reality software development is not a mechanistic process like manufacturing in the words of brook adding people to a late software project make it later as new people are added those who were originally working on it must spend time educating the newcomers people can be added but only in a planned and well co coordinated manner customer myths customer requesting software might be a technical group of the same organization or an outside company requesting software under contract in many cases the believes the myths about the software because the responsible may not understand the nature of software development false expectations must be eliminated at the start co manager and practitioners do little to correct misinformation myths lead to false expectations by the customer and finally dissatisfaction with the developer myth a general statement of objectives is sufficient to start writing programs we can fill in the details later reality poor up front definition is the major cause of failed software efforts a formal and detailed description of the information domain function performance interfaces design constraints and validation criteria is essential these characteristics can be determined only after thorough communication between customer and developer myth project requirements continually change but change can be easily accommodated because software is flexible reality it is true that requirements do change but the impact of change varies with the time that it is introduced if serious attention is given to up front definition early requests for change can be accommodated the customer can do the review and recommend modifications with relatively little impact on cost when changes are requested at the design phase the cost impact grows rapidly resources have been committed and a design framework has been established design modifications means additional cost changes in function performance interfaces or other characteristics during implementation have a severe impact on cost practitioner s myths myths that are still believed by software practitioners have been encouraged by decades of programming culture during the early days of software programming was viewed as an art form old ways and attitudes die hard myth once we write a program and get it to work our job is done reality someone once said the sooner you begin writing code the longer it will take you to get done the industry data indicates that the majority of effort expended on a program will be after the program has been delivered to the customer for the first time myth until i get the program running i have no way of assessing its quality reality one of the most effective software quality assurance mechanisms is the formal technical review these can be undertaken long before the program is running myth the only deliverable for a successful project is the working program reality a working program is only one of the elements of the project other elements include project plans requirements specifications system designs test specifications support documentation etc documentation forms the foundation for successful development and more importantly provides the foundation for the software maintenance task software applications information determinacy refers to the predictable of the order and timing of information an engineering analysis program accepts data that have a predefine order execute the analysis algorithm s without interruption and produce resultant data in report or graphical format it is sometime difficult to develop meaningful generic categories for software application as software complexity grows neat compartmentalization disappears the fallowing software areas indicate the breadth of potential application 1 system software system software is a collection of programs written to service other programs some system software compiler editor processes complex but defined information structure other system software operating system components drivers process large undefined data in both the cases the system software is characterized by heavy interaction with computer hardware heavy usage by multiple users concurrent process scheduling resource sharing process management etc 2 real time software software that monitor analyzes controls real world events as they occur is called real time software real time software includes a data gathering component that collects and formats information from an external environment an analysis component that transforms information as required by the application a control component that responds to the external environment and a monitoring component that coordinates all other components so that real time response can be maintained 3 business software business information processing is the largest single software application area applications in this area payroll inventory restructure existing data in a way that facilitates business operations or management decision making 4 engineering and scientific software engineering and scientific software has been characterized by number crunching algorithms system simulation computer aided design and other interactive applications are some of the examples 5 embedded software embedded software resides in read only memory and is used to control products and systems for consumer and industrial markets embedded software can perform limited functions keypad control for a microwave oven or provide significant function and control capability digital functions in an automobile such as fuel control dashboard displays braking systems 6 personal computer software the personal computer software market has grown rapidly over the past decade word processing spreadsheets computer graphics multimedia database management personal and business financial applications are some of the applications 7 artificial intelligence software artificial intelligence software makes use of non numerical algorithm to solve complex problem that are not liable to computation or straightforward analysis an active area is expert systems also known as knowledge based systems other application areas include pattern recognition game playing and recently artificial neural network has evolved software engineering definitions the need for systematic approaches to development and maintenance of computer software products became apparent in 1960s during this decade third generation computing hardware was invented and the software techniques of multiprogramming and time sharing were developed these capabilities provided the technology for implementation of interactive multiuser on line and real time computing systems as the computing systems became larger and more complex it became apparent that the demand for computer software was growing faster than our ability to produce and maintain it a workshop was held in garmisch west germany in 1968 to consider the growing problems of software technology this workshop and the subsequent one held in rome italy in 1969 stimulated widespread interest in the technical and managerial processes used to develop and maintain computer software the term software engineering was first used in these workshops since 1968 the applications of digital computers have become increasingly diverse complex and critical to modern society as a result the field of software engineering has evolved into technological discipline of considerable importance according to boehm software engineering involves the practical application of scientific knowledge to the design and construction of computer programs and the associated documentation required to develop operate and maintain them the ieee standard glossary of software engineering terminology defines software engineering as the systematic approach to the development operation maintenance and retirement of software software engineering is the technological and managerial discipline concerned with systematic production and maintenance of software products that are developed and modified on time and within cost estimates the primary goals of software engineering are to improve the quality of software products and to increase the productivity and job satisfaction of software engineers the software process software process is the total set of software engineering activities necessary to develop and maintain software products it can be characterized as shown in the figure below a common process framework is established by defining a small number of framework activities that are applicable to all software projects regardless of their size and complexity a number of task sets each a collection of software engineering work tasks project milestones software work products and deliverables and quality assurance points enable the framework activities to be adapted to the characteristics of the software project and the requirements of the project team finally umbrella activities such as software quality assurance software configuration management and measurement overly the process model umbrella activities are independent of any framework activity and occur throughout the process software process models the development strategy encompassing all the activities required to define develop test deliver operate and maintain software product is often referred to as process model or software engineering paradigm different models emphasize different aspects of the life cycle and no single model is appropriate for all software products it is important to define a life cycle model for each software project because the model provides a basis for controlling the various activities required to develop and maintain a software product the selection of a process model is based on the nature of the project and application the tools to be used and the controls and deliverables that are required all software development can be characterized as a problem solving loop in which four distinct stages are encountered status quo problem definition technical development and solution integration status quo represents the current state of the process problem definition identifies the specific problem to be solved technical development solves the problem through the application of some technology and solution integration delivers the results to those who requested the solution in the first place regardless of the process model that is chosen for a software project all of the stages status quo problem definition technical development and solution integration exist simultaneously at some level of detail i the linear sequential model sometimes called the classic life cycle or waterfall model the linear sequential model suggests a systematic sequential approach to the software development that begins at the system level and progresses through analysis design coding testing and maintenance linear sequential model involves the following activities system information engineering because software is always part of a larger system work begins by establishing requirements for all the system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software this system view is essential when software must interface with other elements such as hardware people and databases system engineering and analysis involves requirements gathering at the system level with a small amount of top level analysis and design information engineering involves requirements gathering at the strategic business level and at the business area level software requirement analysis the requirements gathering process is intensified and focused specifically on software to understand the nature of the program to be built the software engineer must understand the information domain for the software as well as required function behavior performance and interfacing requirements for both the system and the software are documented and reviewed with the customer design software design is a multi step process that focuses on four distinct attributes of a program data structure software architecture interface representations procedural detail the design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before code generation begins like requirements the design is documented and becomes part of the software configuration code generation the design must be translated into a machine readable form the code generation step performs this task if design is performed in a detailed manner code generation can be accomplished mechanistically testing once code has been generated program testing begins the testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software assuring that all statements have been tested and on the functional externals that is conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure that defined input will produce actual results that agree with required results maintenance software will undergo change after it is delivered to the customer change will occur because errors have been encountered because the software must be adopted to accommodate changes in its external environment or because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements software maintenance reapplies each of the preceding phases to an existing program rather than a new one the linear sequential model is the oldest and the most widely used model for software engineering some of the problems that may arise when linear sequential model is applied are 1 real projects rarely follow the sequential flow that the model proposes although the linear model can accommodate iterations it does so indirectly as a result changes can cause confusion as the project team proceeds 2 it is often difficult for the customer to state all the requirements explicitly the linear sequential model requires this and has difficulty accommodating the natural uncertainty that exists at the beginning of many projects 3 the customer must have patience a working version of the program will not be available until late in the project time span a major blunder if undetected until the working program is reviewed can be ...
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