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13 mojave 10 14 catalina 10 15 big sur 11 monterey 12 ventura 13 sonoma 14 sequoia 15 tahoe 26 golden gate 27 applications app store automator books calculator calendar contacts dashboard dictionary facetime finder game center grapher itunes history mail messages music notes notification center photo booth podcasts photos preview quicktime reminders safari sherlock stickies textedit time machine list of built in apps list of compatible software list of compatible games utilities activity monitor airport utility archive utility audio midi setup bluetooth file exchange colorsync console crash reporter digitalcolor meter directory utility diskimagemounter disk utility font book grab help viewer image capture installer keychain access migration assistant network utility odbc administrator remote install mac os x system preferences system information terminal universal access voiceover related operating systems classic mac os copland nextstep rhapsody darwin v t e time machine is the backup mechanism of macos the desktop operating system developed by apple the software is designed to work with both local storage devices and network attached storage nas and is commonly used with external disk drives connected using either usb or thunderbolt it was introduced in mac os x 10 5 leopard which was released in october 2007 and incrementally refined in subsequent releases of macos time machine was revamped in macos 11 big sur to support apfs which enabled faster and more reliable backups 1 2 overview edit time machine creates incremental backups of files that can be restored at a later date 3 it allows the user to restore the whole system or specific files it also works within a number of applications such as mail and iwork making it possible to restore individual objects e g emails contacts text documents presentations without leaving the application time machine saves hourly backups for the past 24 hours daily backups for the past month and weekly backups for everything older than a month until the volume runs out of space at that point time machine deletes the oldest weekly backup 4 for backups to a network drive time machine allows the user to back up mac computers over the network and supports backing up to certain network attached storage nas devices or servers depending on the version of time machine earlier versions worked with a wide variety of nas servers but later versions required the server to support a recent version of apple s apple filing protocol afp or a recent version of the server message block smb protocol and time machine no longer works with servers using earlier versions of smb 5 some of the legacy support can be re enabled by using hand tuned configuration options accessed through the terminal apple s airport time capsule router which was introduced in 2008 and discontinued in 2018 acted as a network storage device specifically for time machine backups allowing both wired and wireless backups to the time capsule s internal hard drive time machine may also be used with other external or internal volumes macos tahoe released in 2025 is the last version of macos to support afp with macos golden gate onward only supporting time machine backups over smb version 2 or later time machine backups using airport time capsule routers will no longer function 6 revamp in macos big sur edit time machine was overhauled in macos 11 big sur to utilize apfs apple s modern file system introduced in 2016 and makes use of apfs s snapshot technology 1 7 8 according to apple this enables faster more compact and more reliable backups than were possible previously with hfs formatted drives 1 2 an independent evaluation of this claim found that macos 11 s time machine implementation in conjunction with apfs was 2 75 fold faster upon initial local backup and 4 fold faster upon subsequent backups relative to macos 10 15 s time machine implementation using hfs 2 a more modest yet nevertheless significant advantage was noted as well for backups to network attached disks 2 local i e usb or thunderbolt connected and network connected time machine backup destinations are formatted as apfs by default though time machine can continue backing up to existing hfs backup volumes 1 there is no option to convert existing hfs based backups to apfs instead users who want to benefit from the advantages of the new apfs based implementation of time machine need to start with a fresh volume 2 at least in some circumstances encryption appears to be required instead of merely optional in the new version of time machine 2 user interface edit time machine s user interface when retrieving a file uses apple s core animation api upon its launch time machine floats the active finder or application window from the user s desktop to a backdrop depicting the user s blurred desktop wallpaper behind the current active window are stacked windows with each window representing a snapshot of how that folder or application looked on the given date and time in the past when toggling through the previous snapshots the stacked windows extend backwards giving the impression of flying through a time tunnel while paging through these windows from the past a previous version of the data or currently deleted data may be retrieved storage edit time machine works with locally connected storage disks which must be formatted in the apfs or hfs volume formats support for backing up to apfs volumes was added with macos 11 big sur and since then apfs is the default volume format time machine also works with remote storage media shared from other systems including time capsule via the network when using remote storage time machine uses sparse bundles this acts as an isolation layer which makes the storage neutral to the actual file system used by the network server and also permits the replication of the backup from one storage medium to another sparse bundles are mounted by macos like any other device presenting their content as a hfs formatted volume functionally similar to a local storage requirements edit time machine places strict requirements on the backup storage medium the only officially supported configurations are 9 a storage drive or partition connected directly to the computer either internally or by a bus like usb or thunderbolt and formatted as apfs or journaled hfs if the volume format is not correct time machine will prompt the user to reformat it a folder on another mac on the same network the internal drive of an apple airport time capsule router on the same network or a usb drive connected to an airport time capsule 802 11ac or airport extreme 802 11ac router on the same network usb hard drives on earlier generations of the airport extreme time capsule are not supported this option is only supported in macos tahoe and earlier and was dropped with macos golden gate 6 local network volumes connected using the apple filing protocol supported through macos tahoe or via an smb3 share that advertises a number of capabilities 5 on a time capsule the backup data is stored in an hfs disk image and accessed via apple filing protocol although it is not officially supported users and manufacturers have also configured freebsd and linux servers and network attached storage systems to serve time machine enabled macs there are also a few software tools available on the market that can copy files inside time machine backups in windows machines 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 operation edit time machine creates a folder on the designated time machine volume local or inside a remote sparse image into which it copies the directory tree of all locally attached storage drives except for files and directories that the user has specified to omit including the time machine volume itself every hour thereafter it creates a new subordinate folder and copies only files that have changed since the last backup and creates in the case of hfs volumes hard links to files that already exist on the backup drive a user can browse the directory hierarchy of these copies as if browsing the primary disk 18 some other backup utilities save deltas for file changes much like version control systems such an approach permits more frequent backups of minor changes but can often complicate the interaction with the backup volume by contrast it is possible to manually browse a time machine backup volume without using the time machine interface time machine presents each backup to the user as a complete disk copy 18 time machine on hfs volumes creates multiple hard links to unmodified directories 18 multiple linking of directories is a peculiar feature for hfs and is not supported on modern unix file systems including apple s own apfs 19 as a result tools like rsync cannot be used to replicate a time machine volume replication can only reliably be done by imaging the entire filesystem apple system events record when each directory is modified on the hard drive this means that instead of examining every file s modification date when it is activated time machine only needs to scan the directories that changed for files to copy this differs from the approach taken by similar backup utilities rsync and flyback which examine modification dates of all files during backup time machine is also available in the macos installation process one of the features in the migration assistant interface is to restore the contents of a time machine backup in other words a hard drive can be restored from a time machine backup in the event of a catastrophic crash os x mountain lion introduced the ability to use multiple volumes simultaneously for time machine operations when the user specifies more than one volume to use macos rotates among the desired volumes each time it does a backup 20 exclusion edit time machine supports two forms of exclusion one based on a user configured list of paths plus a set of system defaults the other based on the extended file attribute com apple metadata com_apple_backup_excludeitem dependencies since the attribute is applied to the file or directory directly moving or copying will not affect the exclusion the attribute should contain the string com apple backup in any property list format writing com apple mobilebackup instead sets the exclusion for ios backups 21 google chrome is known to use the attribute to exclude its histories 21 third party backup applications that respect this setting include crashplan and arq 22 apple wraps the attribute into the tmutil command line utility 21 as well as a coreservices api 23 see also edit mobileme backup list of backup software backup options built into microsoft windows system restore file history references edit 1 2 3 4 macos big sur 11 0 1 release notes apple retrieved december 13 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 cunningham andrew november 12 2022 macos 11 0 big sur the ars technica review ars technica retrieved march 6 2021 apple apple mac os x leopard features time machine retrieved december 21 2007 tiwari saurabh may 7 2018 create a backup with time machine on mac techi bhai retrieved february 16 2022 1 2 time machine over smb specification documentation archive apple inc september 13 2016 retrieved april 24 2019 1 2 warning apple says macos 27 won t support airport time capsule backups macrumors june 10 2025 retrieved june 22 2025 owen malcolm june 27 2020 apfs changes affect time machine in macos big sur encrypted drives in ios 14 apple insider retrieved august 6 2020 oakley howard june 20 2020 apfs changes in big sur how time machine backs up to apfs and more the eclectic light company retrieved august 6 2020 backup disks you can use with time machine apple support apple inc retrieved november 30 2020 matthias kretschmann june 19 2008 howto make ubuntu a perfect mac file server and time machine volume retrieved september 11 2009 mkurtz nslu2 linux howto timemachinebackups retrieved september 11 2009 harryd71 november 23 2009 mac os x time machine and freenas 0 7 retrieved january 17 2010 cite web cs1 maint numeric names authors list link qnap systems inc qnap nas support for apple time machine retrieved november 30 2020 bastian bechtold using a raspberry pi as a time capsule for mountain lion retrieved august 23 2012 alonso noel using netatalk afp services on a linux server afp548 com retrieved november 1 2013 also see slowfranklin s comment and its replies to add the guest uam add afpd_uamlist u uams_guest so to the global section in afp conf bas van de wiel ironclad time machine backups on freebsd retrieved march 18 2016 amar ilindra november 21 2018 how to access and restore time machine backup files on windows 1 2 3 pond james august 31 2013 how time machine works its magic apple osx and time machine tips baligu com file system event store hard links archived from the original on june 21 2019 retrieved may 19 2019 butts jeff september 25 2017 time machine and apfs what you need to know the mac observer retrieved april 23 2019 caldwell serenity february 21 2012 ten exciting system changes in mountain lion mac world retrieved april 29 2012 1 2 3 bobby brant macos on os x what files are excluded by rule from a time machine backup ask different feature request honor com_apple_backup_excludeitem on macos issue 478 gilbertchen duplicacy github csbackupsetitemexcluded core services apple developers documentation external links edit apple support back up your mac with time machine mac os x 10 5 leopard review on ars technica brief history of time machine and its evolution to using apfs by howard oakley v t e macos history architecture built in apps server software versions mac os x server 1 0 public beta 10 0 cheetah 10 1 puma 10 2 jaguar 10 3 panther 10 4 tiger 10 5 leopard 10 6 snow leopard os x 10 7 lion 10 8 mountain lion 10 9 mavericks 10 10 yosemite 10 11 el capitan macos 10 12 sierra 10 13 high sierra 10 14 mojave 10 15 catalina 11 big sur 12 monterey 13 ventura 14 sonoma 15 sequoia 26 tahoe 27 golden gate predecessors classic mac os nextstep rhapsody applications core applications app store automator calculator calendar contacts control center dictionary facetime finder game center grapher home mail messages news music notes notification center podcasts photo booth photos preview quicktime player reminders safari shortcuts siri stickies textedit time machine developer tools xcode instruments former interface builder dashcode quartz composer utilities boot camp deprecated colorsync configurator disk utility font book keychain access script editor system settings terminal voiceover former dashboard front row ichat iphoto isync itunes history sherlock technologies user interface airdrop appkit apple file system apple menu apple push notification service applescript aqua audio units avfoundation bonjour bundle cloudkit cocoa colorsync command key core animation core audio core data core foundation core image core opengl core text core video cover flow cups darwin dock filevault fonts foundation gatekeeper grand central dispatch icns icloud kernel panic keychain launch...
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