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um f integrilobum pax acer saccharum f pubescens pax acer saccharum var quinquelobulatum a e murray acer saccharum f rubrocarpum a e murray acer saccharum f subvestitum vict roll germ a e murray acer saccharum f truncatum pax acer saccharum f villipes rehder a e murray acer saccharum f villosum pax acer saccharum var viride schmidt a e murray acer saccharophorum k koch acer skutchii rehder acer subglaucum bush acer subglaucum var sinuosum bush acer treleaseanum bush saccharodendron saccharum marshall moldenke acer saccharum the sugar maple is a species of flowering plant in the soapberry and lychee family sapindaceae it is native to the hardwood forests of eastern canada and the eastern united states 3 sugar maple is best known for being the primary source of maple syrup and for its brightly colored autumn foliage 4 it may also be called rock maple sugar tree sweet maple or particularly in reference to the wood hard maple 5 birds eye maple or curly maple the last two being specially figured lumber 6 7 description edit acer saccharum is a deciduous tree normally reaching heights of 25 35 m 80 115 ft 8 9 and exceptionally up to 45 m 150 ft 10 a 10 year old tree is typically about 5 m 20 ft tall as with most trees forest grown sugar maples form a much taller trunk and narrower canopy than open growth ones 11 the leaves are deciduous up to 20 cm 7 9 in long and wide 8 palmate with five lobes and borne in opposite pairs the basal lobes are relatively small while the upper lobes are larger and deeply notched in contrast with the angular notching of the silver maple however the notches tend to be rounded at their interior the fall color is often spectacular ranging from bright yellow on some trees through orange to fluorescent red orange on others sugar maples also have a tendency to color unevenly in fall in some trees all colors above can be seen at the same time they also share a tendency with red maples for certain parts of a mature tree to change color weeks ahead of or behind the remainder of the tree the leaf buds are pointy and brown colored the recent year s growth twigs are green and turn dark brown 12 the flowers are in panicles of five to ten together yellow green and without petals flowering occurs in early spring after 30 55 growing degree days the sugar maple will generally begin flowering when it is between 10 and 200 years old the fruit is a pair of samaras winged seeds the seeds are globose 7 10 mm 9 32 13 32 in in diameter the wing 2 3 cm 3 4 1 1 4 in long the seeds fall from the tree in autumn where they must be exposed to 45 days of temperatures below 4 c 39 f to break their coating down germination of a saccharum is slow not taking place until the following spring when the soil has warmed and all frost danger is past 13 need quotation to verify it is closely related to the black maple which is sometimes included in this species but sometimes separated as acer nigrum the western sugar maple acer grandidentatum and southern sugar maple acer floridanum are also treated as a varieties or subspecies of northern sugar maple by some botanists 14 15 16 17 the sugar maple can be confused with the norway maple which is not native to america but is commonly planted in cities and suburbs and they are not closely related within the genus the sugar maple is most easily identified by clear sap in the leaf petiole the norway maple has white sap brown sharp tipped buds the norway maple has blunt green or reddish purple buds and shaggy bark on older trees the norway maple bark has small grooves also the leaf lobes of the sugar maple have a more triangular shape in contrast to the squarish lobes of the norway maple 18 19 sugar maple yellow birch forest jacques cartier national park quebec canada sugar maple terminal bud bark flowers in spring a pair of samaras closeup of autumn foliage seasonal leaf color change ecology edit the sugar maple is an extremely important species to the ecology of many forests in the northern united states and canada pure stands are common and it is a major component of the northern and midwestern u s hardwood forests due to its need for cold winters sugar maple is mostly found north of the 42nd parallel in usda growing zones 3 5 it is less common in the southern part of its range usda zone 6 where summers are hot and humid there sugar maple is confined to ravines and moist flatlands in the east south of maryland it is limited to the appalachians in the west tennessee represents the southern limit of its range and missouri its southwestern limit collection of sap for sugar is also not possible in the southern part of sugar maple s range as winter temperatures do not become cold enough citation needed the minimum seed bearing age of sugar maple is about 30 years the tree is long lived typically 200 years and occasionally as much as 300 sugar maple is native to areas with cooler climates and requires a hard freeze each winter for proper dormancy in northern parts of its range january temperatures average about 18 c 0 f and july temperatures about 16 c 61 f in southern parts january temperatures average about 10 c 50 f and july temperatures average almost 27 c 81 f 20 seed germination also requires extremely low temperatures the optimal being just slightly above freezing and no other known tree species has this property germination of sugar maple seed in temperatures above 50 f 10 c is rare to nonexistent acer saccharum is among the most shade tolerant of large deciduous trees and very old trees in second growth settings can grow large even in the understory for many years its shade tolerance is exceeded only by the striped maple a smaller tree like other maples its shade tolerance is manifested in its ability to germinate and persist under a closed canopy as an understory plant and respond with rapid growth to the increased light formed by a gap in the canopy sugar maple can tolerate virtually any soil type short of pure sand but does not tolerate xeric desert or swampy conditions sugar maples are deeper rooted than most maples and engage in hydraulic lift drawing water from lower soil layers and exuding that water into upper drier soil layers this not only benefits the tree itself but also many other plants growing around it 21 the mushroom pholiota squarrosoides is known to decay the logs of the tree 22 human influences have contributed to the decline of the sugar maple in many regions its role as a species of mature forests has led it to be replaced by more opportunistic species in areas where forests are cut over the sugar maple also exhibits a greater susceptibility to pollution than other species of maple acid rain and soil acidification are some of the primary contributing factors to maple decline also the increased use of salt over the last several decades on streets and roads for deicing purposes has decimated the sugar maple s role as a street tree 23 24 in some parts of new england particularly near urbanized areas the sugar maple is being displaced by the norway maple the norway maple is also highly shade tolerant but is considerably more tolerant of urban conditions resulting in the sugar maple s replacement in those areas in addition norway maple produces much larger crops of seeds allowing it to out compete native species cultivation and uses edit maple syrup and other food use edit collecting sap from sugar maples the sugar maple is one of the most important canadian trees being with the black maple the major source of sap for making maple syrup 25 other maple species can be used as a sap source for maple syrup but some have lower sugar content and or produce more cloudy syrup than these two 25 in maple syrup production from acer saccharum the sap is extracted from the trees using a tap placed into a hole drilled through the phloem just inside the bark the collected sap is then boiled as the sap boils the water evaporates and the syrup is left behind forty gallons of maple sap produces 1 gallon of syrup in the southern part of their range sugar maples produce little sap syrup production is dependent on the tree growing in cooler climates 26 additionally the samaras seeds can be soaked and with their wings removed boiled seasoned and roasted to make them edible 27 the young leaves and inner bark can be eaten either raw or cooked 28 timber edit ultra thin sugar maple sections from romeyn beck hough s american woods from top to bottom the image displays transverse radial and tangential sections the adjacent image shows light passing through the specimens note while the title of the image in the original book is acer saccharinum sugar maple is actually acer saccharum acer saccharinum is a different species better known as silver leaf maple the sapwood can be white and smaller logs may have a higher proportion of this desirable wood 29 bowling alleys and bowling pins are both commonly manufactured from sugar maple trees with wavy wood grain which can occur in curly quilted and birdseye maple forms are especially valued maple is also the wood used for basketball courts including the floors used by the nba and it is a popular wood for baseball bats along with white ash in recent years because white ash has become threatened by emerald ash borer sugar maple wood has increasingly displaced ash for baseball bat production it is also widely used in the manufacture of musical instruments such as the members of the violin family sides and back guitars neck grand pianos rim and drum shells it is also often used in the manufacture of sporting goods 30 31 canadian maple often referred to as canadian hardrock maple is prized for pool cues especially the shafts some production line cues will use lower quality maple wood with cosmetic issues such as sugar marks which are most often light brown discolorations caused by sap in the wood the best shaft wood has a very consistent grain with no marks or discoloration sugar marks usually do not affect how the cue plays but are not as high quality as those without it the wood is also used in skateboards gunstocks and flooring for its strength citation needed 30 canadian hardrock maple is also used in the manufacture of electric guitar necks due to its high torsional stability and the bright crisp resonant tone it produces if the grain is curly with flame or quilt patterns it is usually reserved for more expensive instruments in high end guitars this wood is sometimes torrefied to cook out the lignin resins allowing the greater stability to climate and environmental changes and to enhance its tonal characteristics as the instrument s resonance is more evenly distributed across the cellulose structure of the wood without the lignin urban planting edit sugar maple in a suburban landscape sugar maple was a favourite street and park tree during the 19th century because it was easy to propagate and transplant is fairly fast growing and has beautiful autumn colour as noted above however it proved too delicate to continue in that role after the rise of automobile induced pollution and was replaced by norway maple and other hardier species it is intolerant of road salt sugar maples are commonly planted as a street tree in cities within the mountain west region of the united states usually a different cultivar such as the legacy sugar maple citation needed the shade and the shallow fibrous roots may interfere with grass growing under the trees deep well drained loam is the best rooting medium although sugar maples can grow well on sandy soil which has a good buildup of humus light or loose clay soils are also well known to support sugar maple growth poorly drained areas are unsuitable and the species is especially short lived on flood prone clay flats its salt tolerance is low and it is very sensitive to boron citation needed the species is also subject to defoliation when there are dense populations of larvae of lepidoptera species like the rosy maple moth dryocampa rubicunda 32 cultivars edit apollo columnar arrowhead pyramidal crown astis steeple heat tolerant good in southeastern united states oval crown bonfire fast growing caddo naturally occurring southern ecotype or subspecies from southwestern oklahoma great drought and heat tolerance good choice for the great plains region 33 columnare newton sentry very narrow fall fiesta tough leaved colorful in season above average hardiness goldspire columnar with yellow orange fall color green mountain pni 0285 durable foliage resists heat and drought oval crown above average hardiness inferno possibly the hardiest cultivar with more red fall color than lord selkirk or unity legacy tough vigorous and popular lord selkirk very hardy more upright than other northern cultivars monumentale columnar september flare very hardy early orange red fall color sweet shadow lacy foliage temple s upright almost as narrow as columnare unity very hardy from manitoba slow steady growth use by native americans edit the mohegan use the inner bark as a cough remedy and the sap as a sweetening agent and to make maple syrup following the introduction of metal cookware by europeans 34 big trees edit comfort maple in pelham ontario the united states national champion for acer saccharum is located in charlemont massachusetts in 2007 the year it was submitted it had a circumference of 5 92 metres 233 in 19 ft 5 in at 1 3 metres 4 ft 3 in above the ground s surface and thus a diameter at breast height of about 1 88 metres 6 ft 2 in at that time the tree was 34 1 metres 111 ft 11 in tall with an average crown spread of 27 7 metres 90 ft 11 in using the scoring system of circumference in inches plus height in feet plus 25 of crown spread in feet resulted in a total number of 368 points at the national register of big trees 35 a tree in lyme connecticut measured in 2012 had a circumference of 18 ft 3 in 6 m or an average diameter at breast height of about 5 8 feet 5 ft 10 in 1 8 m this tree had been 123 feet 37 m tall with a crown spread of 86 feet 26 m counting for a total number of 364 points 36 in popular culture edit a solid red stylized 11 pointed sugar maple leaf appears in outline on the flag of canada leafless sugar maples in vermont state quarter the sugar maple is the state tree of the us states of new york vermont west virginia and wisconsin it is depicted on the state quarter of vermont issued in 2001 references edit barstow m crowley d rivers m c 2017 acer saccharum iucn red list of threatened species 2017 e t193863a2287314 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2017 3 rlts t193863a2287314 en retrieved 2022 11 06 acer saccharum marshall the plant list www theplantlist org acer saccharum germplasm resources information network agricultural research service united states department of agriculture sugar maple tree facts sugar maple tree growing information gardeningknowhow com 28 december 2015 retrieved 2017 06 29 meier eric hard maple the wood database retrieved 2020 12 11 m m grandtner 8 april 2005 elsevier s dictionary of trees volume 1 north amer...
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