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Text of the page (random words):
an gsq 16 automatic language translator wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history toggle history subsection 1 1 photoscopic store 1 2 mark i 1 3 mark ii 1 4 alpac report 2 notes 3 references toggle references subsection 3 1 citations 3 2 bibliography 4 see also toggle the table of contents an gsq 16 automatic language translator add languages add links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from automatic language translator ibm s automatic language translator was a machine translation system that converted russian documents into english it used an optical disc that stored 170 000 word for word and statement for statement translations and a custom computer to look them up at high speed built for the us air force s foreign technology division the an gsq 16 or xw 2 as it was known to the air force was primarily used to convert soviet technical documents for distribution to western scientists the translator was installed in 1959 dramatically upgraded in 1964 and was eventually replaced by a mainframe running systran in 1970 in accordance with the joint electronics type designation system jetds the an gsq 16 designation represents the 16th design of an army navy electronic device for ground special combination equipment the jetds system also now is used to name all department of defense electronic systems history edit photoscopic store edit the translator began in a june 1953 contract from the us navy to the international telemeter corporation itc of los angeles this was not for a translation system but a pure research and development contract for a high performance photographic online storage medium consisting of small black rectangles embedded in a plastic disk when the initial contract ran out what was then the rome air development center radc took up further funding in 1954 and onwards 1 the system was developed by gilbert king chief of engineering at itc along with a team that included louis ridenour it evolved into a 16 inch plastic disk with data recorded as a series of microscopic black rectangles or clear spots only the outermost 4 inches of the disk were used for storage which increased the linear speed of the portion being accessed when the disk spun at 2 400 rpm it had an access speed of about 1 mbit sec in total the system stored 30 mbits making it the highest density online system of its era 1 a mark i edit in 1954 ibm gave an influential demonstration of machine translation known today as the georgetown ibm experiment run on an ibm 704 mainframe the translation system knew only 250 words of russian limited to the field of organic chemistry and only 6 grammar rules for combining them nevertheless the results were extremely promising and widely reported in the press 2 at the time most researchers in the nascent machine translation field felt that the major challenge to providing reasonable translations was building a large library as storage devices of the era were both too small and too slow to be useful in this role 3 king felt that the photoscopic store was a natural solution to the problem and pitched the idea of an automated translation system based on the photostore to the air force radc proved interested and provided a research grant in may 1956 at the time the air force also provided a grant to researchers at the university of washington who were working on the problem of producing an optimal translation dictionary for the project king advocated a simple word for word approach to translations he thought that the natural redundancies in language would allow even a poor translation to be understood and that local context was alone enough to provide reasonable guesses when faced with ambiguous terms he stated that the success of the human in achieving a probability of 50 in anticipating the words in a sentence is largely due to his experience and the real meanings of the words already discovered 4 in other words simply translating the words alone would allow a human to effectively read a document because they would be able to reason out the proper meaning from the context provided by earlier words in 1958 king moved to ibm s thomas j watson research center and continued development of the photostore based translator over time king changed the approach from a pure word for word translator to one that stored stems and endings which broke words into parts that could be combined back together to form complete words again 4 the first machine mark i was demonstrated in july 1959 and consisted of a 65 000 word dictionary and a custom tube based computer to do the lookups 3 texts were hand copied onto punched cards using custom cyrillic terminals and then input into the machine for translation the results were less than impressive but were enough to suggest that a larger and faster machine would be a reasonable development in the meantime the mark i was applied to translations of the soviet newspaper pravda the results continued to be questionable but king declared it a success stating in scientific american that the system was found in an operational evaluation to be quite useful by the government 3 mark ii edit on 4 october 1957 the ussr launched sputnik 1 the first artificial satellite this caused a wave of concern in the us whose own project vanguard was caught flat footed and then proved to repeatedly fail in spectacular fashion this embarrassing turn of events led to a huge investment in us science and technology including the formation of darpa nasa and a variety of intelligence efforts that would attempt to avoid being surprised in this fashion again after a short period the intelligence efforts centralized at the wright patterson air force base as the foreign technology division ftd now known as the national air and space intelligence center run by the air force with input from the dia and other organizations ftd was tasked with the translation of soviet and other warsaw bloc technical and scientific journals so researchers in the west could keep up to date on developments behind the iron curtain most of these documents were publicly available but ftd also made a number of one off translations of other materials upon request assuming there was a shortage of qualified translators the ftd became extremely interested in king s efforts at ibm funding for an upgraded machine was soon forthcoming and work began on a mark ii system based around a transistorized computer with a faster and higher capacity 10 inch glass based optical disc spinning at 2 400 rpm another addition was an optical character reader provided by the third party which they hoped would eliminate the time consuming process of copying the russian text into machine readable cards 3 in 1960 the washington team also joined ibm bringing their dictionary efforts with them the dictionary continued to expand as additional storage was made available reaching 170 000 words and terms by the time it was installed at the ftd a major software update was also incorporated in the mark ii which king referred to as dictionary stuffing stuffing was an attempt to deal with the problems of ambiguous words by stuffing prefixes onto them from earlier words in the text 3 these modified words would match with similarly stuffed words in the dictionary reducing the number of false positives in 1962 king left ibm for itek a military contractor in the process of rapidly acquiring new technologies development at ibm continued and the system went fully operational at ftd in february 1964 the system was demonstrated at the 1964 new york world s fair the version at the fair included a 150 000 word dictionary with about 1 3 of the words in phrases about 3 500 of these were stored in core memory to improve performance and an average speed of 20 words per minute was claimed the results of the carefully selected input text was quite impressive 5 after its return to the ftd it was used continually until 1970 when it was replaced by a machine running systran 6 alpac report edit in 1964 the united states department of defense commissioned the united states national academy of sciences nas to prepare a report on the state of machine translation the nas formed the automatic language processing advisory committee or alpac and published their findings in 1966 the report language and machines computers in translation and linguistics was highly critical of the existing efforts demonstrating that the systems were no faster than human translations while also demonstrating that the supposed lack of translators was in fact a surplus and as a result of supply and demand issues human translation was relatively inexpensive about 6 per 1 000 words worse the ftd was slower as well tests using physics papers as input demonstrated that the translator was 10 percent less accurate 21 percent slower and had a comprehension level 29 percent lower than when he used human translation 7 the alpac report was as influential as the georgetown experiment had been a decade earlier in the immediate aftermath of its publication the us government suspended almost all funding for machine translation research 8 ongoing work at ibm and itek had ended by 1966 leaving the field to the europeans who continued development of systems like systran and logos notes edit these numbers for the early disk systems appear to be inaccurate another document from the same author suggests that these figures are actually for the later version used on the mark ii translator references edit citations edit 1 2 hutchins pg 171 john hutchins the first public demonstration of machine translation the georgetown ibm system 7th january 1954 archived 3 march 2016 at the wayback machine 1 2 3 4 5 hutchins pg 172 1 2 king 1956 hutchins pg 174 hutchins pg 175 alpac pg 20 john hutchins alpac the in famous report archived 6 october 2007 at the wayback machine bibliography edit g w king g w brown and l n ridenour photographic techniques for information storage proceedings of the ire volume 41 issue 10 october 1953 pp 1421 1428 g w king stochastic methods of mechanical translation mechanical translation volume 3 issue 2 1956 pp 38 39 j l craft e h goldman w b strohm a table look up machine for processing of natural languages ibm journal july 1961 pp 192 203 language processing advisory committee language and machines computers in translation and linguistics national research council 1966 widely known as the alpac report john hutchins ed gilbert w king and the ibm usaf translator archived 19 february 2009 at the wayback machine early years in machine translation joh benjamins 2000 isbn 90 272 4586 x radc tdr 62 105 charles bourne and trudi bellardo hahn a history of online information services 1963 1976 mit press 2003 isbn 0 262 02538 8 see also edit electronics portal list of military electronics of the united states retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title an gsq 16_automatic_language_translator oldid 1334944563 categories machine translation software military electronics of the united states hidden categories use dmy dates from january 2022 webarchive template wayback links this page was last edited on 26 january 2026 at 13 57 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by 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