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allations and often provide support to local areas as required civilian edit psbt edit an fbi agent in a bomb suit performing a training mission us eod covers both on and off base calls in the us unless there is a local psbt or public safety bomb technician who can handle the bomb ordnance should only be handled by the eod experts also called a hazardous devices technician psbts are usually members of a police department although teams are also formed by fire departments or emergency management agencies to be certified a psbt must attend the fbi hazardous devices school at redstone arsenal alabama which is modeled on the international iedd training school at the army school of ammunition known as the felix centre this school helps them to become knowledgeable in the detection diagnosis and disposal of hazardous devices they are further trained to collect evidence in hazardous devices and present expert witness testimony in court on bombing cases united kingdom edit disposal of a british 4 000 pound blockbuster bomb dropped by the raf during world war ii found in the rhine near koblenz 4 december 2011 a linear shaped charge has been placed on top of the casing in the united kingdom eod operators are held within all three services each service has differing responsibilities for uxo however they will often work closely on operations ammunition technical officers and ammunition technicians of the royal logistic corps deal with many aspects of eod including conventional munitions and homemade bombs 23 they are also trained in chemical biological incendiary radiological dirty bombs and nuclear weapons they provide support to vips help civilian authorities with bomb problems teach personnel from all three services about bomb safety and a variety of other tasks the royal engineers of 33 engineer regiment eod provide eod expertise for air dropped munitions in peacetime and conventional munitions on operations as well as battle area clearance and high risk search in support of improvised explosive device disposal 24 royal engineers provide search advice and assets ammunition technicians and ammunition technical officers of 11 explosive ordnance disposal and search regiment rlc provide improvised explosive device disposal iedd conventional munitions disposal cmd and biological chemical munitions disposal bcmd they also provide expertise in advanced iedd and in the investigation of accidents and incidents involving ammunition and explosives where they are seen as subject matter experts smes bomb suit of bomb disposal squad of the indian army weapons intelligence is supplied by royal military police intelligence corps and ammunition technical personnel who tap into the combined explosive exploitation cell cexc units of the us all prospective ammunition technicians attend a grueling course of instruction at the army school of ammunition and the felix centre united kingdom the time frame for an rlc ammunition technician to complete all necessary courses prior to finally being placed on an eod team is around 36 months whereas the engineer eod training period although shorter in total is spread over a number of years and interspersed with operational experience re personnel may be posted to core trades such as carpentry or bridge building within their time as engineers royal navy clearance divers also deploy teams both in the uk and on operations working on both iedd improvised explosive device disposal teams as well as the disposal of conventional munitions royal navy personnel spend their entire service working with and around explosives and associated sciences as such are given responsibilities relevant to their roles when it comes to conventional weapons royal navy anything of an explosive nature found below the high water mark or deemed to be of a naval origin nato edit nato alliance countries qualify their eod forces at different levels due to the potential discrepancy in capability nato defines its eod capabilities at different levels to improve interoperability and standardization 25 explosive ordnance reconnaissance eor these forces are trained and equipped to identify and categorize explosive ordnance but are unable to take positive action against the item explosive ordnance clearance eoc these forces are trained and equipped to identify categorize and conduct limited procedures to reduce explosive ordnance threats they are typically military engineers and are limited to destroy in situation blow in place procedures conventional munition disposal cmd these forces are trained and equipped to identify categorize render safe and dispose of conventional munitions improvised explosive device defeat iedd these forces are trained and equipped to identify categorize render safe and dispose of conventional and improvised explosive devices chemical biological nuclear and radiological cbrn eod these forces are trained and equipped to identify categorize render safe and dispose of conventional improvised and these forces are trained and equipped to identify categorize render safe and dispose of conventional improvised and cbrn explosive ordnance underwater specializations for all the above listed capabilities exist as well with additional dive training and certifications other training mining fireworks edit in addition to neutralizing munitions or bombs conducting training and presenting evidence eod technicians and engineers also respond to other problems eod technicians help dispose old or unstable explosives such as ones used in quarrying mining or old unstable fireworks and ammunition they also assist specialist police units raid and entry teams with boobytrap detection and avoidance and they help in conducting post blast investigations the eod technician s training and experience with bombs make them an integral part of any bombing investigation another part of an eod technician s job involves supporting the government intelligence units this involves searching all places that the high ranking government officers or other protected dignitaries travel stay or visit bomb disposal vehicle demonstration in tokyo 2016 techniques edit generally eod render safe procedures rsp are a type of tradecraft protected from public dissemination in order to limit access and knowledge depriving the enemy of specific technical procedures used to render safe ordnance or an improvised device another reason for keeping tradecraft secret is to hinder the development of new anti handling devices by their opponents if the enemy has thorough knowledge of specific eod techniques it can develop fuze designs which are more resistant to existing render safe procedures many techniques exist for the making safe of a bomb or munition selection of a technique depends on several variables the greatest variable is the proximity of the munition or device to people or critical facilities explosives in remote localities are handled very differently from those in densely populated areas the role of modern bomb disposal operators is to accomplish their task as remotely as possible actually laying hands on a bomb is only done in an extremely life threatening situation where the hazards to people and critical structures cannot be reduced wheelbarrow remotely controlled bomb disposal tool eod technicians have many tools for remote operations one of which is the rcv or remote control vehicle also known as the wheelbarrow outfitted with cameras microphones and sensors for chemical biological or nuclear agents the wheelbarrow can help the technician get an excellent idea of what the munition or device is many of these robots even have hand like manipulators in case a door needs to be opened or a munition or bomb requires handling or moving the first ever wheelbarrow was conceived by major pat wilson patterson raoc and his team at the bomb disposal school cad kineton in 1972 and used by ammunition technicians in the battle against provisional irish republican army bombs placing a disruption charge a counter charge 26 while wearing a protective suit also of great use are items that allow ammunition technicians to remotely diagnose the innards of a munition or bomb these include devices similar to the x ray used by medical personnel and high performance sensors that can detect and help interpret sounds odors or even images from within the munition or bomb once the technicians determine what the munition or device is and what state it is in they will formulate a procedure to disarm it this may include things as simple as replacing safety features or as difficult as using high powered explosive actuated devices to shear jam bind or remove parts of the item s firing train preferably this will be accomplished remotely but there are still circumstances when a robot won t do and technicians must put themself at risk by personally going near the bomb technicians will don specialized protective suits using flame and fragmentation resistant material similar to bulletproof vests some suits have advanced features such as internal cooling amplified hearing and communications back to the control area this suit is designed to increase the odds of survival for technicians should munitions or bombs detonate while they are near it rarely the specifics of a munition or bomb will allow the technician to first remove it from the area in these cases a containment vessel is used using remote methods the technician places the item in the container and retires to a remote area to complete the defusion this procedure called a render safe procedure can take a great deal of time because of the construction of devices a waiting period must be taken to ensure that whatever render safe method was used worked as intended another technique is trepanation in which a bore is cut into the sidewall of a bomb and the explosive contents are extracted through a combination of steam and acid bath liquefaction of bomb contents 27 although professional eod personnel have expert knowledge skills and equipment they are not immune to misfortune because of the inherent dangers in june 2010 construction workers in göttingen discovered an allied 500 kilogram bomb dating from world war ii buried approximately 7 metres below the ground german eod experts were notified and attended the scene whilst residents living nearby were being evacuated and the eod personnel were preparing to disarm the bomb it detonated killing three of them and injuring 6 others the dead and injured each had over 20 years of hands on experience and had previously rendered safe between 600 and 700 unexploded bombs the bomb which killed and injured the eod personnel was of a particularly dangerous type because it was fitted with a delayed action chemical fuze which had become highly unstable after over 65 years under ground 28 29 30 31 eod equipment edit bomb disposal vehicle edit see also emergency vehicle a bomb disposal vehicle used by the federal bureau of investigation a bomb disposal vehicle is a vehicle used by bomb disposal squads to transport equipment and bomb disposal robots or to store bombs for later disposal they are often vans or trucks typically with at least one bomb containment chamber installed in the rear of the vehicle and ramps to allow bomb disposal robots to access the vehicle bomb disposal vehicles are generally not explosive resistant and are only used for transporting explosives for disposal not actively disposing of them portable x ray systems edit eod training and material testing a 105 mm shell is radiographied with battery powered portable x ray generator and flat panel detector portable x ray systems are used to radiograph the bomb before intervention the purpose is for example to determine if a chemical charge is present or to check the status of the detonator high steel thickness requires high energy and high power sources projected water disruptors edit boot banger water charge disrupts simulated bomb bottler lite against a small suspect device projected water disruptors use a water projectile shaped charge to destroy bombs blasting the device apart and severing any detonating connections faster than any fuse or anti tampering device on the bomb can react one example is the bootbanger deployed under the rear compartment of cars suspected to be carrying bombs 32 projected water disruptors can be directional such as the bootbanger or omni directional an example being the bottler 33 pigstick edit pigstick is the british army s term for a waterjet disruptor often mounted on the wheelbarrow remotely operated vehicle to counter ira bombs in the 1970s the name pigstick was the next available at the time from the uk ministry of defence s list of names for classified equipment and projects pigstick fires a jet of water driven by a propellant charge to disrupt the circuitry of a bomb and disable it with a low risk of detonation the modern pigstick is reliable and can be fired many times with minimal maintenance it is now used worldwide it is 485 millimetres 19 1 in long and weighs 2 95 kilograms 6 5 lb 34 it is made of hardened steel and can be mounted on a remotely operated vehicle rov these factors make it an effective way to render ieds safe it is not a panacea however it cannot deal with ieds packed in hard containers such as industrial gas bottles or beer kegs and other disruptors have been designed to deal with those and a range of different situations including car bombs the device was developed by the scientists mike barker mbe and peter hubbard obe at rarde fort halstead in late 1971 35 1 6 working under great pressure over several weeks after an ato died in northern ireland attempting to render safe the first ied in the theatre to contain anti handling devices 36 37 they started with a prototype piece of equipment designed to disrupt limpet mines attached to a ship s hull and through many trials and errors developed a disruptor capable of dealing with the crop of ieds with anti handling devices prevalent at the time barker used the device operationally for the first time in northern ireland during a visit there to demonstrate their prototype to george styles and his team 35 5 the pigstick prototype was re engineered by a member of hubbard s team bob white mbe down from its original 20 kg to its current 2 95 kg form but its internal ballistic design remained true to the original in the period 1972 1978 and taking into account machines which had been exported over 400 wheelbarrows were destroyed while dealing with terrorist devices in many of these cases it can be assumed that the loss of a machine represented the saving of an eod man s life house of commons hansard debates for 21 oct 1998 38 zeus edit the zeus hlons was developed for surface land mines and unexploded ordnance uxo neutralization by the u s naval explosive ordnance disposal technology division naveodtechdiv it uses a moderate power commercial solid state laser ssl and beam control system integrated onto a humvee hmmwv to clear surface mines improvised b...
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