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lers by the attacker each handler can control up to a thousand agents 60 in some cases a machine may become part of a ddos attack with the owner s consent for example in operation payback organized by the group anonymous these attacks can use different types of internet packets such as tcp udp icmp etc these collections of compromised systems are known as botnets ddos tools like stacheldraht still use classic dos attack methods centered on ip spoofing and amplification like smurf attacks and fraggle attacks types of bandwidth consumption attacks syn floods a resource starvation attack may also be used newer tools can use dns servers for dos purposes unlike mydoom s ddos mechanism botnets can be turned against any ip address script kiddies use them to deny the availability of well known websites to legitimate users 66 more sophisticated attackers use ddos tools for the purposes of extortion including against their business rivals 67 it has been reported that there are new attacks from internet of things iot devices that have been involved in denial of service attacks 68 one such attack peaked at around 20 000 requests per second it came from around 900 cctv cameras 69 uk s gchq has tools built for ddos named predators face and rolling thunder 70 simple attacks such as syn floods may appear with a wide range of source ip addresses giving the appearance of a distributed dos these flood attacks do not require completion of the tcp three way handshake and attempt to exhaust the destination syn queue or the server bandwidth because the source ip addresses can be trivially spoofed an attack could come from a limited set of sources or may even originate from a single host stack enhancements such as syn cookies may be effective mitigation against syn queue flooding but do not address bandwidth exhaustion in 2022 tcp attacks were the leading method in ddos incidents accounting for 63 of all ddos activity this includes tactics like tcp syn tcp ack and tcp floods with tcp being the most widespread networking protocol its attacks are expected to remain prevalent in the ddos threat scene 16 ddos extortion edit in 2015 ddos botnets such as dd4bc grew in prominence taking aim at financial institutions 71 cyber extortionists typically begin with a low level attack and a warning that a larger attack will be carried out if a ransom is not paid in bitcoin 72 security experts recommend targeted websites to not pay the ransom the attackers tend to get into an extended extortion scheme once they recognize that the target is ready to pay 73 http slow post dos attack edit first discovered in 2009 the http slow post attack sends a complete legitimate http post header which includes a content length field to specify the size of the message body to follow however the attacker then proceeds to send the actual message body at an extremely slow rate e g 1 byte 110 seconds due to the entire message being correct and complete the target server will attempt to obey the content length field in the header and wait for the entire body of the message to be transmitted which can take a very long time the attacker establishes hundreds or even thousands of such connections until all resources for incoming connections on the victim server are exhausted making any further connections impossible until all data has been sent it is notable that unlike many other dos or ddos attacks which try to subdue the server by overloading its network or cpu an http slow post attack targets the logical resources of the victim which means the victim would still have enough network bandwidth and processing power to operate 74 combined with the fact that the apache http server will by default accept requests up to 2gb in size this attack can be particularly powerful http slow post attacks are difficult to differentiate from legitimate connections and are therefore able to bypass some protection systems owasp an open source web application security project released a tool to test the security of servers against this type of attack 75 challenge collapsar cc attack edit a challenge collapsar cc attack is an attack where standard http requests are sent to a targeted web server frequently the uniform resource identifiers uris in the requests require complicated time consuming algorithms or database operations which may exhaust the resources of the targeted web server 76 77 78 in 2004 a chinese hacker nicknamed kiki invented a hacking tool to send these kinds of requests to attack a nsfocus firewall named collapsar and thus the hacking tool was known as challenge collapsar or cc for short consequently this type of attack got the name cc attack 79 internet control message protocol icmp flood edit a smurf attack relies on misconfigured network devices that allow packets to be sent to all computer hosts on a particular network via the broadcast address of the network rather than a specific machine the attacker will send large numbers of ip packets with the source address faked to appear to be the address of the victim 80 most devices on a network will by default respond to this by sending a reply to the source ip address if the number of machines on the network that receive and respond to these packets is very large the victim s computer will be flooded with traffic this overloads the victim s computer and can even make it unusable during such an attack 81 ping flood is based on sending the victim an overwhelming number of ping packets usually using the ping command from unix like hosts a it is very simple to launch the primary requirement being access to greater bandwidth than the victim ping of death is based on sending the victim a malformed ping packet which will lead to a system crash on a vulnerable system the blacknurse attack is an example of an attack taking advantage of the required destination port unreachable icmp packets nuke edit a nuke is an old fashioned denial of service attack against computer networks consisting of fragmented or otherwise invalid icmp packets sent to the target achieved by using a modified ping utility to repeatedly send this corrupt data thus slowing down the affected computer until it comes to a complete stop a specific example of a nuke attack that gained some prominence is the winnuke which exploited the vulnerability in the netbios handler in windows 95 a string of out of band data was sent to tcp port 139 of the victim s machine causing it to lock up and display a blue screen of death 82 peer to peer attacks edit see also direct connect protocol direct connect used for ddos attacks attackers have found a way to exploit a number of bugs in peer to peer servers to initiate ddos attacks the most aggressive of these peer to peer ddos attacks exploits the dc file sharing network 83 with peer to peer attacks there is no botnet and the attacker does not have to communicate with the clients it subverts instead the attacker acts as a puppet master instructing clients of large peer to peer file sharing hubs to disconnect from their peer to peer network and to connect to the victim s website instead 83 84 85 permanent denial of service attacks edit permanent denial of service pdos also known loosely as phlashing 86 is an attack that damages a system so badly that it requires replacement or reinstallation of hardware 87 unlike the distributed denial of service attack a pdos attack exploits security flaws which allow remote administration on the management interfaces of the victim s hardware such as routers printers or other networking hardware the attacker uses these vulnerabilities to replace a device s firmware with a modified corrupt or defective firmware image a process which when done legitimately is known as flashing the intent is to brick the device rendering it unusable for its original purpose until it can be repaired or replaced the pdos is a pure hardware targeted attack that can be much faster and requires fewer resources than using a botnet in a ddos attack because of these features and the potential and high probability of security exploits on network enabled embedded devices this technique has come to the attention of numerous hacking communities brickerbot a piece of malware that targeted iot devices used pdos attacks to disable its targets 88 phlashdance is a tool created by rich smith an employee of hewlett packard s systems security lab used to detect and demonstrate pdos vulnerabilities at the 2008 eusecwest applied security conference in london uk 89 reflected attack edit a distributed denial of service attack may involve sending forged requests of some type to a very large number of computers that will reply to the requests using internet protocol address spoofing the source address is set to that of the targeted victim which means all the replies will go to and flood the target this reflected attack form is sometimes called a distributed reflective denial of service drdos attack 90 icmp echo request attacks smurf attacks can be considered one form of reflected attack as the flooding hosts send echo requests to the broadcast addresses of mis configured networks thereby enticing hosts to send echo reply packets to the victim some early ddos programs implemented a distributed form of this attack amplification edit amplification attacks are used to magnify the bandwidth that is sent to a victim many services can be exploited to act as reflectors some harder to block than others 91 us cert have observed that different services may result in different amplification factors as tabulated below 92 udp based amplification attacks protocol amplification factor notes mitel micollab 2 200 000 000 93 memcached 50 000 fixed in version 1 5 6 94 ntp 556 9 fixed in version 4 2 7p26 95 chargen 358 8 dns up to 179 96 qotd 140 3 quake network protocol 63 9 fixed in version 71 bittorrent 4 0 54 3 97 fixed in libutp since 2015 coap 10 50 arms 33 5 ssdp 30 8 kad 16 3 snmpv2 6 3 steam protocol 5 5 netbios 3 8 dns amplification attacks involves an attacker sending a dns name lookup request to one or more public dns servers spoofing the source ip address of the targeted victim the attacker tries to request as much information as possible thus amplifying the dns response that is sent to the targeted victim since the size of the request is significantly smaller than the response the attacker is easily able to increase the amount of traffic directed at the target 98 99 simple network management protocol snmp and network time protocol ntp can also be exploited as reflectors in an amplification attack an example of an amplified ddos attack through the ntp is through a command called monlist which sends the details of the last 600 hosts that have requested the time from the ntp server back to the requester a small request to this time server can be sent using a spoofed source ip address of some victim which results in a response 556 9 times the size of the request being sent to the victim this becomes amplified when using botnets that all send requests with the same spoofed ip source which will result in a massive amount of data being sent back to the victim 100 it is very difficult to defend against these types of attacks because the response data is coming from legitimate servers these attack requests are also sent through udp which does not require a connection to the server this means that the source ip is not verified when a request is received by the server to bring awareness of these vulnerabilities campaigns have been started that are dedicated to finding amplification vectors which have led to people fixing their resolvers or having the resolvers shut down completely citation needed mirai botnet edit the mirai botnet works by using a computer worm to infect hundreds of thousands of iot devices across the internet the worm propagates through networks and systems taking control of poorly protected iot devices such as thermostats wi fi enabled clocks and washing machines 101 the owner or user will usually have no immediate indication of when the device becomes infected the iot device itself is not the direct target of the attack it is used as part of a larger attack 102 once the hacker has enslaved the desired number of devices they instruct the devices to try to contact an isp in october 2016 a mirai botnet attacked dyn which is the isp for sites such as twitter netflix etc 101 as soon as this occurred these websites were all unreachable for several hours r u dead yet rudy edit rudy attack targets web applications by starvation of available sessions on the web server much like slowloris rudy keeps sessions at a halt using never ending post transmissions and sending an arbitrarily large content length header value 103 sack panic edit manipulating maximum segment size and selective acknowledgement sack may be used by a remote peer to cause a denial of service by an integer overflow in the linux kernel potentially causing a kernel panic 104 jonathan looney discovered cve 2019 11477 cve 2019 11478 cve 2019 11479 on june 17 2019 105 shrew attack edit the shrew attack is a denial of service attack on the transmission control protocol where the attacker employs man in the middle techniques it exploits a weakness in tcp s re transmission timeout mechanism using short synchronized bursts of traffic to disrupt tcp connections on the same link 106 slow read attack edit a slow read attack sends legitimate application layer requests but reads responses very slowly keeping connections open longer hoping to exhaust the server s connection pool the slow read is achieved by advertising a very small number for the tcp receive window size and at the same time emptying clients tcp receive buffer slowly which causes a very low data flow rate 107 sophisticated low bandwidth distributed denial of service attack edit a sophisticated low bandwidth ddos attack is a form of dos that uses less traffic and increases its effectiveness by aiming at a weak point in the victim s system design i e the attacker sends traffic consisting of complicated requests to the system 108 essentially a sophisticated ddos attack is lower in cost due to its use of less traffic is smaller in size making it more difficult to identify and it can hurt systems which are protected by flow control mechanisms 108 109 syn flood edit a syn flood occurs when a host sends a flood of tcp syn packets often with a forged sender address each of these packets is handled like a connection request causing the server to spawn a half open connection send back a tcp syn ack packet and wait for a packet in response from the sender address however because the sender s address is forged the response never comes these half open connections exhaust the available connections the server can make keeping it from responding to legitimate requests until after the attack ends 110 teardrop attacks edit see also ip fragmentation attack a teardrop attack involves sending mangled ip fragments with overlapping oversized payloads to the tar...
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