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magister level it requires additional two years of studies denmark and norway edit johan galtung the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies holds a mag art degree as his highest degree translated into english as a phd in denmark and norway the magister s degree was formerly an advanced research degree used in certain fields that was equivalent to the phd in english speaking countries it was usually translated as a phd in an english language context 4 and was replaced by phd degrees in the 1990s and 2000s 5 the magister s degree in denmark and norway was based on the classical magister s degree also found in other european countries that was equal to the doctorate the magister s degree was and to some extent still is commonly the terminal degree held by academics in the new sciences that is the humanities natural sciences and social sciences it was not used in the traditional higher faculties of theology law and medicine in the modern era in norway the magister s degree in the 20th century required 7 8 years of studies with strong emphasis on the scientific dissertation which eventually had a formal standardized scope of 3 years the degree required a first degree such as a cand mag 4 5 years of studies or equivalent an independent scientific work with a dissertation workload corresponding to three years of full time research and dissertation work and a public trial lecture as such it was a research only degree the dissertation was evaluated by a committee the purpose of the trial lecture a requirement the degree shared only with the doctoral and licentiate s degrees was to demonstrate the candidate s suitability for permanent tenured academic positions at university level like doctoral and licentiate s dissertations magister s dissertations did not receive grades but all approved dissertations were ipso facto regarded as laudable the highest grade equal to a in the ects grading scale the degree of magister qualified for positions as assistant or associate professor and many went on to become full professors without obtaining further degrees the magister s degree became increasingly rare from the 1970s and as a result of denmark and norway implementing the bologna process it has now been completely abolished and replaced by phd degrees in norway the formal requirements for equivalence with the modern phd are a standardized scope of at least 3 years of study and an independent scientific work with a thesis workload corresponding to at least two years of standardized full time study which is one year less than the requirements for the magister s degree 6 two main forms of the magister s degree existed mag art abbreviation of the latin magister artium teacher of the arts if the degree was earned in humanities or social sciences and mag scient for natural science in denmark there was also a third degree in sociology mag scient soc the mag scient degree was discontinued in the 1970s and the mag art degree programs in denmark ceased immatriculating students in 2007 but the degree was rarely used since the 1990s in norway it was abolished some years earlier having become an increasingly rare but highly regarded degree especially after the 1970s the degree was introduced in denmark norway in 1479 as the highest degree at the faculty of philosophy and was equivalent to the doctoral degrees in theology law and medicine it was replaced by the doctor philosophiae degree as the highest degree at the faculty of philosophy in both countries in 1824 in 1848 the magister s degree was reintroduced in denmark as a degree above the candidate s degree the new magister s degree was originally formally known as magisterkonferens magister counselor the program was designed to be preparation for finding employment as a researcher sometimes the degree was obtained after the candidate s degree had been obtained the magister s degrees directly based on the danish ones were introduced in norway in 1921 in 1955 the licentiate s degrees were also introduced at the university of oslo faculty of law and were occasionally awarded until 2003 a norwegian magister s degree required a three year scientific dissertation of high quality and is considered approximately equivalent to an american ph d 7 also in denmark the magister s degree is considered a degree at the same level as a phd 8 9 by comparison in both norway and denmark a phd degree today only requires a 2 5 year dissertation the danish and norwegian phd degrees are identical but in denmark the phd is not considered a doctorate as is established by law both american phds and german doctorates have been found to be equivalent to danish and norwegian magister s degrees on several occasions in denmark the phd degree has been introduced as a so called lower doctorate although it is not a doctorate in the legal sense formally replacing the licentiate s degree and thus also the magister s degree those obtaining the traditional doctorates in denmark now called higher doctorates are well established academics overwhelmingly at the associate or full professor level and this was also traditionally the situation in norway 10 in norway however the earlier magister s degree and the formal doctorates which are now roughly similar to the magister s degree in extent are now equivalent as norway unlike denmark does not draw a distinction between the phd with its predecessors the licentiate s and magister s degrees and the doctorates the danish and norwegian magister s degree should not be confused with the cand mag candidatus magisterii which corresponds to an american master of arts sweden edit the title magister has had many different meanings in the swedish educational system from a degree equal to the doctorate to a graduate degree since 2007 in sweden the magister examination swedish magisterexamen is a one year graduate degree which requires at least three years of undergraduate studies it is officially translated into either master of arts master of social science or master of science depending on the subject 11 in sweden magister filosofie magister historically was the highest degree at the faculties of philosophy and was equivalent to the doctorate used in theology law and medicine the degree was abolished in 1863 and replaced with the doctor of philosophy the magister degrees used in denmark and norway most closely resemble this degree magister has since referred to several degrees in sweden which are unrelated to the original magister degree and unrelated to the magister degrees in the other scandinavian countries some universities conferred a degree called magister between 1908 and 1969 which was roughly comparable to a master s degree this master s degree was traditionally taken as a first degree before the bologna process the degree usually lasted about 5 6 years and is structured into basic intermediate and advanced progressional components a new magister degree awarded at the completion of undergraduate studies requiring at least four years of studies was introduced in 1993 since the introduction of the bologna process in 2005 the magister has been broken into bachelor formerly basic intermediate and master formerly advanced components however the vast majority of students continue right through to complete the master s degree and in effect the duration and extent of the old magister degree remains much as it was former yugoslavia edit in slovenia bosnia and herzegovina serbia croatia montenegro north macedonia and other territories once part of yugoslavia before the implementation of the bologna process the magistar nauka magister znanosti magister of science was a research oriented degree awarded for two or three years of study following the diploma degree which lasted 4 to 6 years and the defense of a magistarski rad magister s thesis 12 13 in order to be promoted to doktor nauka znanosti doctor of science a magistar was supposed to write and defend a doctoral thesis magistar um j etnosti magister of arts was a terminal degree in music performance acting and visual arts in serbia by decision of the serbian parliament odredba stava 2 the status of those graduated before the bologna process is now equivalent with master s degree graduates in the eu 14 magister s degree has been considered as equivalent of the first two years of three years doctoral studies in croatia the statuses are regulated by a new law from 2007 15 and a new classification from 2008 16 entering magistar studies was a highly selective process only students with high gpa were eligible for studies of this kind mostly those were preselected students who were employed at universities this kind of degree entitles one to be considered as phd candidate he or she can immediately start working on a dissertation the person with this kind of degree completed overall 4 3 years of education humanities science etc or 5 3 engineering years of education after high school two years were related to the coursework only after two years of coursework and research the thesis was completed in a year or two after the coursework although it roughly depended on a workload of an average graduate student who is considered to be a faculty member with teaching responsibilities which can be up to 16 hours per week of a teaching load after the bologna process previous undergraduate education has been reformed current students that are in a 3 or 4 year bachelor program and 1 2 master program have to complete phd requirements before writing their dissertation they have to complete the coursework and pass preliminary exams students with magistar degree have no such requirements they have to do the research only related to the dissertation some universities which retained the magistar e g university of zagreb use it as a pre postgraduate studies qualification 17 france edit in france a magistère is a highly selective three year course to enter the course the student is required to obtain top level grades at his diplôme d études universitaires générales two year first university degree however due to the bologna process most of the magistères are substituted by master s degrees the most prestigious french universities still offer magistères in law economics or sciences which are open to the highest ranked students at the end of the first two years of studies italy edit after the bologna process the second cycle degree in italy is the laurea magistrale i e a magister degree it is a postgraduate two year degree equivalent to a master s degree in some fields particularly law medicine pharmacy and architecture the laurea magistrale a ciclo unico is awarded this is a five or six year second cycle master s degree which does not require a previous first cycle degree for the admission english speaking regions edit there are various traditional master s degrees especially those that predate the 20th century whose english language names containing master have neo latin counterparts containing magister these are used among others by the universities of oxford and cambridge in some official ceremonies still conducted in latin such as the awarding of degrees they include the following english neo latin master of arts magister artium master of advanced study magister in studio ampliore master of divinity magister divinitatis master of education magister educationis master of laws legum magister master of letters magister litterarum master of liberal arts magister liberalium artium master of pharmacy magister pharmaciae master of philosophy magister philosophiae master of research magister in arte investegante master of sacred theology sacrae theologiae magister master of science magister scientiae master of surgery magister chirurgiae master of theology theologiae magister references edit verger jacques 2003 teachers in ridder symoens hilde de ed a history of the university in europe volume 1 universities in the middle ages cambridge university press p 146 isbn 9780521541138 coneau tipos de posgrado ministry of education argentina 2009 06 08 retrieved 2009 06 08 dead link lee c deighton 1971 the encyclopedia of education vol 3 p 31 anders gade university of copenhagen archived from the original on 2019 09 07 magisterkonferens university of copenhagen retrieved 2019 09 10 som forsker rekrutteringsgrundlag blev den erstattet af ph d uddannelsen og magisterkonferensen blev endeligt afskaffet i 2007 nokut s criteria archived 2016 01 02 at the wayback machine nokut no dommasnes liv helga else johansen kleppe gro mandt jenny rita næss 1998 women archeologists in retrospect the norwegian case in margarita díaz andreu garcía and marie louise stig sørensen ed excavating women a history of women in european archaeology london routledge p 115 isbn 0 415 15760 9 jørgensen lise bender 1998 the state of denmark in margarita díaz andreu and marie louise stig sørensen ed excavating women a history of women in european archaeology london routledge p 231 isbn 0 415 15760 9 in recent years the anglo saxon style degree of phd has been introduced and is now replacing the degree of mag art at present both mag art and phd degrees are around they are not identical but their position in the educational system as the degree you take at the end of postgraduate studies is the same susan carol rogers thomas m wilson gary w mcdonogh eds 1996 european anthropologies a guide to the profession ethnography ethnology and social cultural anthropology vol 1 american anthropological association society for the anthropology of europe p 231 the establishment of a ph d degree which replaces the degree of mag art farago peter joseph malcolm john frazer stanley d walker 1976 chemical education in europe chemical society for example in denmark finland and norway only individuals who have successfully carried out individual research work for many years are awarded the title doctor and this is equivalent to the higher doctorate swedish national agency for higher education archived june 13 2011 at the wayback machine eurydice serbia and montenegro 2004 2005 archived september 27 2007 at the wayback machine croatia legal framework world education news reviews 16 6 nov dec 2003 archived from the original on 2007 01 25 retrieved 2007 02 25 службени гласник републике србије број 76 05 zakon o akademskim i stručnim nazivima i akademskom stupnju narodne novine 2007 107 popis akademskih naziva i akademskih stupnjeva te njihovih kratica narodne novine 2008 45 efzg ekonomski fakultet zagreb unizg hr v t e levels of academic degree undergraduate isced level 5 associate degree foundation degree higher national diploma diploma of higher education certificate of higher education isced level 6 bachelor s degree honours degree postgraduate isced level 7 diplom degree engineer s degree master s degree postgraduate diploma certificate candidate of philosophy isced level 8 doctorate candidate of sciences other postdoctoral docent fellow habilitation higher doctorate tenure no dominant classification academic ...
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