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e early 630s and became abandoned after that time 29 the new slavic population settled outside the ruins to the east near the river jadro where old croat graves can be found in the tenth and eleventh centuries croatian kings founded and rebuilt three churches in the area of which of st stephen was used as a royal mausoleum for croatian kings with a found sarcophagus of queen helen of zadar while the basillica of st peter and moses now called the hollow church served as the coronation site for king demetrius zvonimir in 1075 30 the archaeologically confirmed information is found in the historia salonitana 31 architecture edit manastirine edit remnants of the basilica and cemetery outside of the town the manastirine are the remnants of a basilica and cemetery outside of the town the earliest parts of the complex date back to the second century bc the bishop and martyr saint domnius was buried here after being executed in the amphitheater in 304 ad 2 at the end of the fourth century the complex was partly destroyed during the german incursions and in the mid fifth century a three nave basilica was constructed on top of the ruins many sarcophagi can be found here in the early seventh century the cemetery was looted and partly destroyed 2 the cemetery exhibits a feature of christian cemeteries at that time to have deceased buried as close as possible to the martyr or ad sanctos 2 tusculum edit tusculum architectural and ornamental fragments the inscriptions of capitals and columns from the area were replaced by a building built in 1898 it was restored in 2008 2 city walls edit city wall the construction of the salonitan city walls took several centuries the earliest part of the city was surrounded by walls as early as the second century bc during the pax romana the city expanded to both east and west 2 during the reign of emperor marcus aurelius around 170 a d under the constant threat of germanic tribes the east and west suburbs were included in the walls which were fortified with at least 90 towers some parts of existing buildings were used in the extensions to the walls thus making them integral the total circumference of the elliptical shape of the walls was approximately 4 km 2 5 mi with varying width from enclosing 240 acres 1 9 to 2 5 meters 6 2 to 8 2 ft 2 during the reign of emperor theodosius ii in the early fifth century all the towers were reconstructed as witnessed by an inscription on the walls 2 furthermore in the first half of the sixth century triangular shaped endings were added to some square shaped towers to improve the city s security and defense system such examples are visible today on the northern side of the urbs orientalis 2 episcopal center edit the center of christian salona is in the northwest part of the eastern city here is an episcopal center with twin lengthways basilicas a baptistery and bishop s palace were built in the fifth century a d 2 this basilica is the largest in the entire area of dalmatia the best preserved part of the oldest part of the city urbs vetus is the eastern wall and porta caesarea with two octagonal towers and three passages one for cart traffic and two for pedestrians on each side of the wider passage the central passage was probably equipped with a movable grid as indicated by grooves on side pylons 2 aqueduct edit aqueduct of salona emperor augustus built an aqueduct to supply the city with water from the river jadro it was 3 850 meters 12 630 ft in length and the best preserved part is north of the episcopal center calculations show that the aqueduct could supply enough water for about 40 000 people 2 thermae edit thermae the thermae was a type of public bathouse that was common in roman civilization and an indispensable part of urban life although the city of salona had multiple baths the best preserved and largest ones are those in the eastern part of the city called the great thermae built in the second or beginning of the third century a d this building is rectangular in shape with three symmetrically arranged apses in the north and one in the west there was an adjoining elongated spacious room to the north housing a semicircular pool the piscina filled with cold water known as the frigidarium there were two dressing rooms to the left with benches for sitting and openings in the wall for clothes the room to the west was also used as a massage room the unctorium 2 the room ending with an apse served both as a lounge and an exercise room to the right there were hot baths and sauna caldarium tepidarium and sudatorium 2 bridge of five arches edit five arches bridge in the eastern suburb of salona five arches spanned the westernmost backwater of the river jadro the bridge carried one extension of decumanus maximus which branched into two roads one of which led north east to the porta andetria gate while the other one led across the bridge to epetium today s city of stobreč 2 porta caesarea edit the porta caesarea is a well preserved gate with two octagonal towers and three passages one for cart traffic and two for pedestrians on each side of the wider passage the central passage was probably equipped with a movable grid as indicated by grooves on side pylons porta caesarea was constructed using large regular stones primarily for fortification purposes after eastern and western expansion had occurred the gate lost its primary purpose and became the carrying construction of the aqueduct according to kähler s reconstruction the gate had two floors of which the top one was very elaborately decorated with half columns composite capitals and window openings within the gate there was a small courtyard for defense purposes 2 praetorium edit southeast of the ports caesarea a luxurious villa has been uncovered which was probably the palace of the roman governor of dalmatia several mosaics depicting mythological figures such as apollo orpheus and triton have been transferred to the archaeological museum in split 2 forum edit the center of the town s public life was in the southeast part of the old town it is 45 m 70 m 148 ft 230 ft in size after the fourth century a d as the town became more christian the forum started to lose its role as the city center 2 theatre edit a theater 65m 58m in size was built in the first century a d 2 temple edit south of the theater there is a temple that was dedicated to either dionysus or liber 2 kapljuc edit these ruins are the remnants of the oldest cemetery basilica it was built in the middle of the fourth century above the graves of four praetorian guards who were executed in the arena during diocletianian s persecution of christians 2 amphitheatre edit amphitheatre in salona at the westernmost point of salona in the second half of the second century a d under the influence of flavian architectural style a monumental building was erected the presence of a roman amphitheatre indicates that gladiator fights were held in the city of salona until the fifth century when they were finally banned the building was ellipsoidal in shape with three floors on the south side and one floor on the north side conveniently laid down on a natural hillside despite its relatively small size 125 by 100 meters 410 by 328 ft outer shell and 65 by 40 meters 213 by 131 ft the arena the salonitan amphitheatre could have been occupied by 15 000 up to 18 000 spectators the auditorium was divided into three tiers the lower two with seats and the upper one for standing in diocletian s time the top tier was covered with a porch through poles attached to the outer shell of the building the whole arena could be covered with canvas giving protection from the sun and rain there was a state box for the province governor on the south side and opposite it seats of honour for the city magistrates in the centre of the arena an opening led into an underground corridor whose purpose was the disposal of dead gladiators bodies on the south side of the amphitheatre beneath the auditorium there were two vaulted rooms where gladiators worshipped nemesis the goddess of revenge and destiny during diocletian s persecutions of christians the amphitheatre was used as a site of executions 2 only parts of substructures of this monumental building as well as some fragments of architectural decoration and stone sculpture have been preserved the amphitheater was most severely damaged during the wars against the turks in the seventeenth century when venetians had it demolished for strategic reasons 2 marusinac edit this cemetery complex has the martyr anastasios thrown into the bay with the grindstone around his neck in 304 ad the mausoleum was built in the early fourth century in the fifth and sixth centuries other bishops and priests were buried here 2 gradina edit a medieval hill fort built on the east walls by the turks after capturing klis 2 city necropolises edit roman sarcophagus at salona burying the dead inside the city was against roman law so romans buried their dead on the roads leading out of the city 2 references edit wilkes john j dalmatia 1969 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z salona a guide to archarological localities archeological museum of split 2011 pp 5 45 isbn 9789537633066 solin early history excavations at salona yugoslavia 1969 1972 conducted for the department of classics douglass college rutg by christoph w clairmont 1975 isbn 0 8155 5040 5 page 4 if we are correct in our interpretation of the earliest finds from salona the emporion even if very small was a settlement in a strategic position katičić radoslav 1976 ancient languages of the balkans the hague netherlands mouton co n v isbn 978 3 11 156887 4 oclc 889315101 everett heath john dalmatia concise dictionary of world place names oxford university press 2005 encyclopedia com jasna jeličić radonić and ana sedlar topografija antičke salone i salonitanska urbs vetus tusculum 2 roman aqueducts salona croatia željko demo 1988 the mint in salona nepos and ovida 474 481 2 studia numismatica labacensis alexandro jeločnik oblata ljubljana narodni muzej slovenija pp 247 279 isbn 961 6169 36 x retrieved 25 january 2023 mimica bože mimica iva 2013 a contribution to the study of the byzantine mint in salona follis from the village of gata near omiš numizmatičke vijesti 55 66 33 37 retrieved 25 january 2023 a b škegro ante 2005 the bestoen bishopric in the light of prior research arheološki vestnik 56 369 389 retrieved 25 january 2023 željko demo 2020 thirty years later the tremisses of julius nepos minted in salona in the light of new observations and knowledge numizmatičke vijesti 62 73 56 70 71 85 retrieved 25 january 2023 a b c schrunk ivančica dvoržak 2012 diocletian s palace and split transferring ideas from a maritime villa to a christian city vjesnik arheološkog muzeja u zagrebu 45 1 507 515 retrieved 25 january 2023 dyggve ejnar history of salonitan christianity 1951 summary of most important buildings and possible interpretations see now a m yasin reassessing salona s churches martyrium evolution in question journal of early christian studies 20 1 2012 59 112 and recent excavations jeličić radonić jasna 1994 the salonitan cultural circle of justinian s time prilozi povijesti umjetnosti u dalmaciji 34 1 21 36 retrieved 25 january 2023 škegro ante 2009 the acts of salonitan metropolitan councils held in 530 and 533 an analysis archaeologia adriatica 3 1 191 204 retrieved 25 january 2023 šanjek franjo 1992 kršćanstvo bosne i hercegovine str 119 152 croatica christiana periodica 16 30 121 122 retrieved 25 january 2023 kropff antony 2016 new english translation of the price edict of diocletianus via academia edu a b c d marin emilio 2012 moguće pomorske komunikacije starokršćanske salone histria antiqua 21 21 123 128 retrieved 25 january 2023 a b c porphyregonitus constantine 1967 1949 moravcsik gyula ed de administrando imperio r j h jenkins transl 2nd revised ed washington d c dumbarton oaks center for byzantine studies pp 123 125 141 isbn 9780884020219 vujević eda 8 february 2023 senzacija u solinu nova otkrića potvrđuju da je salona bila puno veća nego se mislilo kao četvrtina konstantinopola sensation at solin new findings confirm that the salona was much larger than thought as one fourth of constantinople slobodna dalmacija in croatian retrieved 20 august 2023 a b c filipec krešimir 2020 praishodište i ili situacija slaveni i hrvati do zauzimanja nove domovine origin and or situation slavs and croats until the conquest of a new homeland in croatian zagreb centar za ranosrednjovjekovna istraživanja zagreb lobor odsjek za arheologiju filozofskog fakulteta sveučilišta katedra za opću srednjevjekovnu i nacionalnu arheologiju arheološki zavod filozofskog fakulteta isbn 978 953 57369 1 2 vlasto alexis p 1970 the entry of the slavs into christendom an introduction to the medieval history of the slavs cambridge cambridge university press p 187 isbn 9780521074599 rapanić željko 2013 o početcima i nastajanju dubrovnika the origin and formation of dubrovnik p 94 starohrvatska prosvjeta vol iii no 40 rapanić željko 2006 propast salone starohrvatska prosvjeta iii 43 split muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika stjepana gunjače b b 96 97 116 118 a b c dvornik francis jenkins romilly lewis bernard moravcsik gyula obolensky dimitri runciman steven 1962 jenkins romilly ed de administrando imperio volume ii commentary london the athlone press university of london pp 107 111 112 114 isbn 9780884020219 cite book isbn date incompatibility help škunca stanko josip 5 september 2006 papa ivan iv zadranin i misija opata martina 641 godine radovi 48 zadar hazu 187 198 a b c d e f g marović ivan 2006 reflexions about the year of the destruction of salona vjesnik za arheologiju i povijest dalmatinsku 99 1 split arheološki muzej split 253 273 živković tibor 2012 de conversione croatorum et serborum a lost source belgrade the institute of history solin croatian encyclopaedia in serbo croatian 2021 matijević sokol mirjana 2020 studia mediaevalia selecta rasprave i prinosi iz hrvatske srednjovjekovne povijesti pdf in croatian zagreb filozofski fakultet sveučilišta u zagrebu ff press pp 17 137 166 282 isbn 978 953 175 644 0 further reading edit wikimedia commons has media related to salona playfair r lambert 1892 salona handbook to the mediterranean 3rd ed london j murray ol 16538259m frothingham arthur l 1910 salona roman cities in italy and dalmatia new york sturgis walton company ol 7027058m external links edit virtual museum of the city of solin everyday life in salona v t e illyrians tribes albani amantes amantini ardiaei docleatai labeatae atintanians autariatae azali balaites baridustae bassanitae breuci bylliones daesitiates dalmatae tariotes daorsi dardani galabri thuantai dassaretii enchelei eneti grabaei iapodes iapygians dauni messapi peuceti mazaei narensi osseriates parthini penestae pirustae sardiatae siculotae taulantii abroi people agron anastasius i dicorus artas of messapia astius audata aurelian ballaios b...
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