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g and analysing data in order to infer conclusions continue reading logic philosophical definitions and analyses philosophical schools movements belief critical thinking data existence knowledge logic philosophy of probability philosophy of statistics probability reality statistics british philosopher crispin wright december 20 2025 fmd crispin wright born 1942 is a british philosopher known for his contributions to the philosophy of language logic and epistemology as a contemporary philosopher his work has been focused on meaning and reference as well as developing a notion of truth conditional semantics he has also expressed views on the philosophical outlook of quietism where he considers significant metaphysical debate as impossible continue reading epistemology logic philosophers philosophy of mind british philosophers certainty epistemology hale bob knowledge language logic mind moore g e neo logicism ojectivity ordinary language philosophy philosophy of language quietism realism scepticism truth wittgenstein ludwig wright crispin mereology the study of part whole relationships december 11 2025 fmd mereology is the study of part whole relationships and a branch of metaphysics that investigates fundamental questions about the nature of objects and their composition the study posits that understanding an object necessitates analysing its parts as these components not only define the object s structure but also influence its properties and functions continue reading logic metaphysics philosophical definitions and analyses logic mathematics mereology metaphysics american philosopher david kellogg lewis september 9 2025 march 4 2026 fmd david lewis 1941 2001 was a highly influential american philosopher of the 20th century renowned for his contributions to metaphysics philosophy of language and epistemology he championed modal realism the controversial view that all possible worlds exist as concrete entities just like our own he also presented varied analyses on modality counterfactuals and causation continue reading epistemology logic metaphysics philosophers american philosophers causation counterfactuals epistemology lewis david kellogg logic mathematics metaphysics modal realism philosophy of language philosophy of mind philosophy of science physicalism possible worlds probability chinese philosopher gongsun long may 12 2025 may 12 2025 fmd gongsun long c 320 250 bce a lesser known philosopher from ancient china associated with the school of names a philosophical tradition which focused on the nature of names and their relation to reality gongsun long lived during the warring states period around the 4th century bce his contributions revolve around logic language and metaphysics continue reading logic philosophers chinese philosophy philosophers logic long gongsun school of names gotthard günther philosopher logician cybernetician april 22 2025 december 22 2025 fmd gotthard günther 1900 1984 was a german philosopher logician and cybernetician he studied sinology and philosophy at the universities of heidelberg and berlin and his own works were later influenced by thinkers such as martin heidegger and georg hegel read a further biography here https biographs org gotthard gunther continue reading logic philosophers cybernetics günther gotthard german philosophers logic phenomenology sociology systems theory john buridan french 14th century philosopher and theologian march 16 2025 october 12 2025 fmd john buridan was a french philosopher and theologian who lived in the 14th century born around 1300 in the town of béthune in northern france buridan is best known for his work in logic and metaphysics and his contributions to the development of early modern philosophy he was a professor at the university of paris and wrote extensively on topics ranging from ethics to physics and theology continue reading logic metaphysics philosophers buridan s ass buridan john french philosophers logic metaphysics paradoxes theory of impetus previous articles subscribe here get philosophy updates sent straight to your inbox just enter your e mail address in the space below then click subscribe email address subscribe recent articles the hard problem of consciousness early greek philosopher pherecydes of syros the ship of theseus a thought experiment imre lakatos hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science metatheory of science social ethics classical liberalism naturalism in philosophy meta ontology polish aesthetic philosopher roman ingarden the philosophy of colour complex systems in philosophy karl popper s falsifiability karl popper s critical rationalism computational philosophy site archives site archives select month august 2026 2 july 2026 3 june 2026 1 may 2026 3 april 2026 3 march 2026 7 february 2026 7 january 2026 12 december 2025 19 november 2025 12 october 2025 12 september 2025 7 august 2025 6 july 2025 10 june 2025 9 may 2025 3 april 2025 4 march 2025 4 february 2025 3 january 2025 3 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ethics history of western philosophy intellectual traditions introductions literary theory logic metaphysics philosophers philosophical definitions and analyses philosophical schools movements philosophy of mind philosophy of science political philosophy philosophical elements a z abelard pierre abensour miguel abstractionism abstract object theory absurdism acosmism action theory actualism adler mortimer adorno theodor advaita vedanta aestheticisim aesthetics african philosophy philosophers african predicament the agent causation agrarian socialism agrippa al farabi al ghazali al kindi alchemy alexander samuel alexander of aphrodisias alienation althusser louis american naturalism american philosophers ammonius saccas analogical reasoning analogy analytic philosophy analytic synthetic dichotomy anarchism anaxagoras anaxarchus anaximander anaximenes ancient greek philosophers animalculism animism anomalous monism anscombe elizabeth anslem of canterbury anthropocentrism anthropology anti intellectualism anti natalism anti realism anti semitism antiphon antisthenes apeiron apollonian apollonius of tyana a posteriori knowledge appiah kwame anthony applied ethics a priori knowledge aquinas st thomas arabic aristotelianism arcesilaus archeio marxism archelaus archeology archytas of tarentum arendt hannah argument from evil argument from non belief arguments aristippus of cyrene aristophanes aristotelianism aristotle aristoxenus armstrong david m arnauld antoine art artificial intelligence asceticism associationism astronomy atheism atomism audi robert augustine of hippo aurelius marcus aureoli petrus austin j l australian philosophers austrian philosophers authenticity authorial intentionalism authoritarianism autonomy avant garde averroes averroism avicebron avicenna avicennism axiology axiom of choice ayer alfred jules a j bachelard gaston bacon francis bacon roger bakhtin mikhail bakhtin circle baron d holbach barrett william barthes roland bataille georges baudrillard jean bauer bruno baumgarten alexander gottlieb bayesian confirmation theory becker oskar behaviourism being belgian philosophers belief benjamin walter ben joshua moses bentham jeremy bergson henri berkeley george berlin isaiah berlin circle bhabha homi k bhartrihari bhaskar roy bhedābheda vedānta binarism bioethics biology bion of borysthenes biosophy bivalence bloch ernst bloom harold bodin jean body boethius bolzano bernard bonaventure bordo susan bourgeoisie bradley f h brain brain in a vat thought experiment brazilian philosophers brentano franz british philosophers broad c d brooks cleanth brooks peter brouwer l e j bruni leonardo bruno giordano buber martin buddhism bulgarian philosophers buridan s ass buridan john burke edmund butler joseph butler judith böhme jakob caesar julius calvin john cambridge platonists campbell donald camus albert canon law cantor georg capitalism caribbean philosophers carnaedes carnap rudolf cassirer ernst categories of soul catharsis causal co variance theory causal factors causation certainty chalmers david chance chemistry chernystevsky nikolay chinese philosophy philosophers chinese room experiment chomsky noam christian aristotelian christianity christian platonism chrysippus church fathers churchland paul chāvāka cicero marcus tullius civic humanism civil rights cixous hélène clarke samuel classical liberalism classical logic class struggles cleanthes clement of alexandria cluster theory cognitive psychology cognitivism coherence theory collingwood r g colonialism colour common sense communication communicative rationality communism compatibilism completeness complexity complex systems computational philosophy computers comte auguste concept of difference conceptualism confucianism confucius consciousness consequentialism conservatism consistency constative statement constuctivism contemporary philosophy contextualism continental philosophy conventionalism copernican revolution correspondence theory cosmism 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dialectical materialism dialetheism diderot denis dietzgen joseph dignāga dilthey wilhelm diogenes of sinope dionysian dionysus the areopogite dispositionalism divided line divine command theory divine immutability divine law doctrine of continuity doctrine of limbo donegan alan donnellan keith drange theodore dualism du bois w e b duns scotus john dutch philosophers dvaita earl of shaftesbury eastern philosophy eckhart meister economics ecosophy egalitarianism ego egoism eidetic reduction eikhenbaum boris einstein albert elan vital eleatic school eliminativism emanationism embodied cognition emergence emergentism emerson ralph waldo emmet dorothy emotion emotivism empedocles empiricism empson william engels friedrich enlightenment en soi environmental philosophy epicharmus of kos epictetus epicureanism epicurus epiphenomenalism epistemes epistemic holism epistemic realism epistemology epoche erasmus desiderius erastianism eretrian school eriugena john scotus error theory eschatology essentialism eternalism eternal law ethical egoism ethical intuitionism ethical naturalism ethical rationalism ethical relativism ethical subjectivism ethics ethnography euclid euclides of megara eudaimonia eudoxus of cnidus euenus euthyphro dilemma evidence evidentialism evolutionary biology evolutionary epistemology evolutionary genetics evolutionary naturalism evolutionary theory exaggerated realism existence existentialism existenz experience expressibility fallibilism falsifiability falsificationism fanon frantz fascism fatalism favorinus feminism ferguson adam feuerbach ludwig feyerabend paul fichte johann gottlieb fiction fideism field hartry fine arthur first order logic first principles floridi luciano fodor jerry folk psychology foot phillipa formalism foster john foster michael foucault michel foundationalism franciscans frankena william frankfurt school fraser nancy free will frege gottlob french philosophers french revolution freud sigmund fuller lon f functionalism fuzzy logic fyodorov nikolai gadamer hans georg gaius musonius rufus gassendi pierre gates henry louis gauchet marcel gaudapāda gautama siddhartha geist gender geography geometry german philosophers gettier edmund geulincx arnold gewirth alan ginzberg asher ahad ha am girard rené gnosticism god is dead goodman nelson gorgias gould stephen jay governance grammar graz school greeks green t h grice paul grosseteste robert grotius hugo guattari felix gödel kurt günther gotthard habermas jürgen haecceitas hahn hans hale bob hall g stanley hamilton william han fei hanson norwood russell hard determinism harding sandra hare r m hart herbert lionel hla hedonism hegel georg wilhelm friedrich hegelianism hegesias heidegger martin heisenberg principle hellenistic period hempel carl henotheism heraclitus hermeneutics hermeticism hesiod hierarchy of being hierocles the stoic higher order logic hilbert david hinduism hirsch e d historical materialism historicism history hobbes thomas hodge charles holism homer horace horkheimer max hsün tzu huemer michael hull david lee humanism humanistic naturalism human law human rights human soul hume s guillotine or hume s law hume david hundred schools of thought hungarian philosophers husserl edmund hutcheson francis huxley aldous huxley thomas hylomorphism hylozoism hypatia hypothetico deductive method iamblichus ibn bājja ibn arabī idealism ideas identity theory illocutionary act illuminationism imagination impossibilism incommensurability incompatibilism indeterminacy of translation indeterminism indexicals indian philosophy philosophers indifferentism individual freedom individualism industrial revolution infinite regress infinitism influence information ingarden roman innate ideas innate linguistic competence instrumentalism intellect intellectualism intentionality interactionism interpretation interpretationism intertextuality introductions intuitionism ionian school ion of chios irigaray luce irish philosophers irrationalism is ought problem iser wolfgang islam islamic philosop...
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