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eople power revolution barred constitutionally from running a third term by 1973 ferdinand marcos and his administration announced proclamation no 1081 on september 23 1972 a declaration of martial law that deliberately decreed emergency powers over every democratic functions in the country ostensibly under the pretext of a communist overthrow throughout the 20 year long martial law most civil liberties of the once democratic philippines were suppressed criminalized or just plainly abolished by 1981 the loan reliant economy of the marcos regime experienced unforecasted contractions when the reagan administration announced the lowering of american interest rates during the global recession at that time further plunging the philippine economy into debt in 1983 ninoy aquino a renowned dissident of the marcos regime returned to the philippines after his self exile in the united states after disembarking china airlines flight 811 on gate 8 at manila international airport aquino on the service steps of his van guarded by the aviation security command avescom was shot multiple times by assailants outside the van at point blank he died from his wounds on the way to fort bonifacio hospital in response to the assassination of aquino public outrage revitalized in the form of jose w diokno s nationalist liberal democrat umbrella organization the kilusan sa kapangyarihan at karapatan ng bayan or kaakbay then leading the justice for aquino justice for all or jaja movement jaja consisted of the social democrat dominant august twenty one movement or the atom led by butz aquino these political movements and organizations coalesced into the kongreso ng mamamayang pilipino or kompil a call for parliamentarianism and democratization during this period in the middle of 1984 jaja was replaced by the coalition for the restoration of democracy cord with largely the same principles in november 1985 the rapid development of opposition organizations swayed the marcos administration with some american intervention to announce the batas pambansa blg 883 national law no 883 a 1986 snap election by the unicameral body the regular batasang pambansa immediately after the decree the united nationalist democratic organization unido the main opposition multi party electoral alliance rallied even more public support headed by assigned party leader corazon aquino benigno aquino s wife and salvador laurel the 1986 snap election was marred with electoral fraud as discrepant figures from both the government sponsored election canvasser commission on elections comelec and the publicly accredited poll watcher national movement for free elections namfrel finalized different tally figures comelec announced a marcos victory of 10 810 000 votes against aquino s 9 300 000 while namfrel announced an aquino victory of 7 840 000 votes against marcos 7 050 000 the apparent tampered snap election stirred public unrest even prompting comelec technicians to proceed with a walkout mid voting an event cited to be the first act of civil disobedience during the people power revolution occurring afterwards were a series of popular demonstrations against the regime occurring from february 22 to 26 referred to as the people power revolution then culminating into the departure of marcos and the non violent transition of power restoring democracy under aquino s unido immediately after aquino s ascension she ratified proclamation no 3 a law declaring a provisional constitution and government the promulgation of the 1986 freedom constitution superseded many of the autocratic provisions of the 1973 constitution abolishing the regular batasang pambansa along with plebiscitarian dependence for the creation of a new congress the official adoption of the 1987 constitution signalled the completion of philippine democratization senegal edit this section is an excerpt from democracy in senegal edit the democracy in senegal was touted as one of the more stable democracies in africa with a long tradition of peaceful democratic discourse democratization proceeded gradually from 1970s to 1990s spain edit this section is an excerpt from spanish transition to democracy edit the spanish transition to democracy known in spain as la transición ipa la tɾansiˈθjon the transition or la transición española the spanish transition officially the spanish state from 1975 to 1978 and kingdom of spain thereafter was a period of modern spanish history encompassing the regime change that moved from the francoist dictatorship to the consolidation of a parliamentary system in the form of constitutional monarchy under juan carlos i the democratic transition began two days after the death of francisco franco in november 1975 36 initially the political elites left over from francoism attempted reform of the institutions of dictatorship through existing legal means 37 but social and political pressure saw the formation of a democratic parliament in the 1977 general election which had the imprimatur to write a new constitution that was then approved by referendum in december 1978 the following years saw the beginning of the development of the rule of law and establishment of regional government amidst ongoing terrorism an attempted coup d état and global economic problems 37 the transition is said to have concluded after the landslide victory of the spanish socialist workers party psoe in the 1982 general election and the first peaceful transfer of executive power 37 b south africa edit this section is an excerpt from negotiations to end apartheid in south africa edit f w de klerk and nelson mandela in july 1993 near the close of negotiations in philadelphia pennsylvania wait to jointly receive the liberty medal 40 part of a series on apartheid events 1948 general election coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 treason trial sharpeville massacre rivonia trial 1971 72 namibian contract workers strike soweto uprising church street pretoria bombing vaal uprising trojan horse incident khotso house bombing cape town peace march codesa assassination of chris hani saint james church massacre 1994 bophuthatswana crisis shell house massacre organisations anc apla ifp awb bbb black sash ccb conservative party dp ecc fosatu pp rp pfp hnp herenigde hnp herstigte mk pac udf broederbond national party cosatu security branch sacc sadf saic sama sap sacp state security council people vernon berrangé p w botha steve biko mangosuthu buthelezi f w de klerk ruth first bram fischer arthur goldreich chris hani bantu holomisa joel joffe ahmed kathrada albert luthuli winnie madikizela mandela mac maharaj d f malan nelson mandela govan mbeki thabo mbeki raymond mhlaba benjamin moloise albertina sisulu walter sisulu j g strijdom joe slovo robert sobukwe helen suzman adelaide tambo oliver tambo eugène terre blanche desmond tutu h f verwoerd b j vorster jacob zuma places bantustan district six robben island sophiatown south west africa soweto sun city vlakplaas related topics afrikaner nationalism apartheid in popular culture apartheid legislation cape qualified franchise disinvestment campaign freedom charter internal resistance to apartheid kairos document music in the movement against apartheid nostalgia for apartheid project coast sullivan principles category v t e the apartheid system in south africa was ended through a series of bilateral and multi party negotiations between 1990 and 1993 the negotiations culminated in the passage of a new interim constitution in 1993 a precursor to the constitution of 1996 and in south africa s first non racial elections in 1994 won by the african national congress anc liberation movement south korea edit this section is an excerpt from june democratic struggle edit the june democratic struggle korean 6월 민주 항쟁 also known as the june democracy movement and the june uprising 41 was a nationwide pro democracy movement in south korea that generated mass protests from 10 to 29 june 1987 the demonstrations forced the ruling authoritarian government to hold direct presidential elections and institute other democratic reforms which led to the establishment of the sixth republic the present day government of the republic of korea south korea soviet union edit this section is an excerpt from demokratizatsiya soviet union edit demokratizatsiya see tfm russian демократизация ipa dʲɪməkrətʲɪˈzatsɨjə democratization was a slogan introduced by cpsu general secretary mikhail gorbachev in january 1987 calling for the infusion of democratic elements into the soviet union s single party government gorbachev s demokratizatsiya meant the introduction of multi candidate though not multi party elections for local communist party cpsu officials and soviets in this way he hoped to rejuvenate the party with reform minded personnel who would carry out his institutional and policy reforms the cpsu would retain sole custody of the ballot box 42 switzerland edit these paragraphs are an excerpt from federalism in switzerland edit the rise of federalism in switzerland began on 12 september 1848 with the creation of a federal constitution in response to a 27 day civil war the sonderbundskrieg roman republic edit this section is an excerpt from overthrow of the roman monarchy edit the overthrow of the roman monarchy was an event in ancient rome that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries bc where a political revolution replaced the then existing roman monarchy under lucius tarquinius superbus with a republic the details of the event were largely forgotten by the romans a few centuries later later roman historians presented a narrative of the events traditionally dated to c 509 bc but it is largely believed by modern scholars to be fictitious tunisia edit this section is an excerpt from tunisian revolution edit the tunisian revolution arabic الثورة التونسية also called the jasmine revolution and tunisian revolution of dignity 43 44 45 was an intensive 28 day campaign of civil resistance it included a series of street demonstrations which took place in tunisia and led to the ousting of longtime dictator zine el abidine ben ali in january 2011 46 it eventually led to a thorough democratization of the country and to free and democratic elections which had led to it being described as the only successful movement in the arab spring 47 ukraine edit these paragraphs are an excerpt from 1989 1991 ukrainian revolution edit from the formal establishment of the people s movement of ukraine on 1 july 1989 to the formalisation of the declaration of independence of ukraine via referendum on 1 december 1991 a non violent protest movement worked to achieve ukrainian independence from the soviet union 48 led by soviet dissident viacheslav chornovil the protests began as a series of strikes in the donbas that led to the removal of longtime communist leader volodymyr shcherbytsky later the protests grew in size and scope leading to a human chain across the country and widespread student protests for further democratisation and the need to elect a non communist majority in the next parliamentary elections the protests were ultimately successful leading to the independence of ukraine amidst the broader dissolution of the soviet union united kingdom edit magna carta in the british library the document was described as the chief cause of democracy in england in great britain there was renewed interest in magna carta in the 17th century 49 the parliament of england enacted the petition of right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects the english civil war 1642 1651 was fought between the king and an oligarchic but elected parliament 50 during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the putney debates of 1647 51 subsequently the protectorate 1653 59 and the english restoration 1660 restored more autocratic rule although parliament passed the habeas corpus act in 1679 which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence the glorious revolution in 1688 established a strong parliament that passed the bill of rights 1689 which codified certain rights and liberties for individuals 52 it set out the requirement for regular parliaments free elections rules for freedom of speech in parliament and limited the power of the monarch ensuring that unlike much of the rest of europe royal absolutism would not prevail 53 54 only with the representation of the people act 1884 did a majority of the males get the vote united states edit the american revolution 1765 1783 created the united states the new constitution established a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive a national judiciary and a bicameral congress that represented states in the senate and the population in the house of representatives 55 56 in many fields it was a success ideologically in the sense that a true republic was established that never had a single dictator but voting rights were initially restricted to white male property owners about 6 of the population 57 slavery was not abolished in the southern states until the constitutional amendments of the reconstruction era following the american civil war 1861 1865 the provision of civil rights for african americans to overcome post reconstruction jim crow segregation in the south was achieved in the 1960s causes and factors edit there is considerable debate about the factors which affect e g promote or limit democratization 58 factors discussed include economic political cultural individual agents and their choices international and historical economic factors edit economic development and modernization theory edit industrialization was seen by many theorists as a driver of democratization scholars such as seymour martin lipset 59 carles boix susan stokes 60 dietrich rueschemeyer evelyne stephens and john stephens 61 argue that economic development increases the likelihood of democratization initially argued by lipset in 1959 this has subsequently been referred to as modernization theory 62 63 according to daniel treisman there is a strong and consistent relationship between higher income and both democratization and democratic survival in the medium term 10 20 years but not necessarily in shorter time windows 64 robert dahl argued that market economies provided favorable conditions for democratic institutions 65 a higher gdp capita correlates with democracy some who claim the wealthiest democracies have never been observed to fall into authoritarianism 66 the rise of hitler and of the nazis in weimar germany can be seen as an obvious counter example although in early 1930s germany was already an advanced economy by that time the country was also living in a state of economic crisis virtually since the first world war in the 1910s a crisis that was eventually worsened by the effects of the great depression there is also the general observation that democracy was very rare before the indus...
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