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osition it plays in social labor organization production process the distribution of wealth and resources and the amount marxist writers have used the term middle class in various ways 24 in the first sense it is used for the bourgeoisie the urban merchant and professional class that arose between the aristocracy and the proletariat in the waning years of feudalism in the marxist model vladimir lenin stated that the peasantry in russia constitute eight or nine tenths of the petty bourgeoisie 25 26 however in modern developed countries marxist writers define the petite bourgeoisie as primarily comprising as the name implies owners of small to medium sized businesses who derive their income from the exploitation of wage laborers and who are in turn exploited by the big bourgeoisie i e bankers owners of large corporate trusts etc as well as the highly educated professional class of doctors engineers architects lawyers university professors salaried middle management of capitalist enterprises of all sizes etc as the middle class which stands between the ruling capitalist owners of the means of production and the working class whose income is derived solely from hourly wages citation needed louis c fraina lewis corey a pioneer 20th century american marxist theoretician defined the middle class as the class of independent small enterprisers owners of productive property from which a livelihood is derived 27 from fraina s perspective this social category included propertied farmers but not propertyless tenant farmers middle class also included salaried managerial and supervisory employees but not the masses of propertyless dependent salaried employees 27 fraina speculated that the entire category of salaried employees might be adequately described as a new middle class in economic terms although this remained a social grouping in which most of whose members are a new proletariat 27 professional managerial class edit main article professional managerial class in 1977 barbara ehrenreich and john ehrenreich defined a new class in the united states as salaried mental workers who do not own the means of production and whose major function in the social division of labor is the reproduction of capitalist culture and capitalist class relations the ehrenreichs named this group the professional managerial class 28 this group of middle class professionals is distinguished from other social classes by their training and education typically business qualifications and university degrees 29 with example occupations including academics and teachers social workers engineers accountants managers nurses and middle level administrators 30 the ehrenreichs developed their definition from studies by andré gorz serge mallet and others of a new working class which despite education and a perception of themselves as middle class were part of the working class because they did not own the means of production and were wage earners paid to produce a piece of capital 31 the professional managerial class seek higher rank status and salaries 32 and tend to have incomes above the average for their country 33 recent global growth edit modern definitions of the term middle class are often politically motivated and vary according to the exigencies of political purpose which they were conceived to serve in the first place as well as due to the multiplicity of more or less scientific methods used to measure and compare wealth between modern advanced industrial states where poverty is relatively low and the distribution of wealth more egalitarian in a relative sense and in developing countries where poverty and a profoundly unequal distribution of wealth crush the vast majority of the population many of these methods of comparison have been harshly criticised for example economist thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty first century describes one of the most commonly used comparative measures of wealth across the globe the gini coefficient as being an example of synthetic indices which mix very different things such as inequality with respect to labor and capital so that it is impossible to distinguish clearly among the multiple dimensions of inequality and the various mechanisms at work 34 in february 2009 the economist asserted that over half the world s population now belongs to the middle class as a result of rapid growth in emerging countries it characterized the middle class as having a reasonable amount of discretionary income so that they do not live from hand to mouth as the poor do and defined it as beginning at the point where people have roughly a third of their income left for discretionary spending after paying for basic food and shelter this allows people to buy consumer goods improve their health care and provide for their children s education most of the emerging middle class consists of people who are middle class by the standards of the developing world but not the developed one since their money incomes do not match developed country levels but the percentage of it which is discretionary does by this definition the number of middle class people in asia exceeded that in the west sometime around 2007 or 2008 35 the economist s article pointed out that in many emerging countries the middle class has not grown incrementally but explosively the point at which the poor start entering the middle class by the millions is alleged to be the time when poor countries get the maximum benefit from cheap labour through international trade before they price themselves out of world markets for cheap goods it is also a period of rapid urbanization when subsistence farmers abandon marginal farms to work in factories resulting in a several fold increase in their economic productivity before their wages catch up to international levels that stage was reached in china sometime between 1990 and 2005 when the chinese middle class grew from 15 to 62 of the population and is just being reached in india now the economist predicted that surge across the poverty line should continue for a couple of decades and the global middle class will grow exponentially between now and 2030 based on the rapid growth scholars expect the global middle class to be the driving force for sustainable development this assumption however is contested see below 36 as the american middle class is estimated by some researchers to comprise approximately 45 of the population 37 38 39 the economist s article would put the size of the american middle class below the world average this difference is due to the extreme difference in definitions between the economist s and many other models discuss in 2010 a working paper by the oecd asserted that 1 8 billion people were now members of the global middle class 40 credit suisse s global wealth report 2014 released in october 2014 estimated that one billion adults belonged to the middle class with wealth anywhere between the range of 10 000 100 000 41 according to a study carried out by the pew research center a combined 16 of the world s population in 2011 were upper middle income and upper income 42 an april 2019 oecd report said that the millennial generation is being pushed out of the middle class throughout the western world 43 china edit since the beginning of the 21st century china s middle class has grown by significant margins according to the center for strategic and international studies by 2013 some 420 million people or 31 of the chinese population qualified as middle class 44 based on the world bank definition of middle class as those having with daily spending between 10 and 50 per day nearly 40 of the chinese population were considered middle class as of 2017 45 germany edit in 2017 andreas reckwitz described two middle classes in germany the new middle class and the old middle class the new middle class consists primarily of highly qualified academics in large cities with good career prospects especially in the knowledge economy although this new middle class has a high ecological footprint for example due to frequent air travel it nevertheless considers ecologically responsible behavior to be important the old middle class are people with a medium level of education often in small town rural regions who tend to be conservative and traditional in their attitudes and lifestyles 46 47 india edit estimates vary widely on the number of middle class people in india a 1983 article put the indian middle class as somewhere between 70 and 100 million 48 according to one study the middle class in india stood at between 60 and 80 million by 1990 49 according to the economist 78 million of india s population are considered middle class as of 2017 if defined using the cutoff of those making more than 10 per day a standard used by the india s national council of applied economic research 50 if including those with incomes between 2 and 10 per day the number increases to 604 million this was termed by researchers as the new middle class 51 measures considered include geography lifestyle income and education the world inequality report in 2018 further concluded that elites i e the top 10 are accumulating wealth at a greater rate than the middle class that rather than growing india s middle class may be shrinking in size 50 africa edit according to a 2014 study by standard bank economist simon freemantle a total of 15 3 million households in 11 surveyed nations of africa are middle class angola ethiopia ghana kenya mozambique nigeria south sudan sudan tanzania uganda and zambia 52 in south africa a report conducted by the institute for race relations in 2015 53 estimated that 10 20 of south africans are middle class based on various criteria 54 an earlier study estimated that in 2008 21 3 of south africans were members of the middle class 55 a study by eiu canback indicates 90 of africans fall below an income of 10 a day the proportion of africans in the 10 20 middle class excluding south africa rose from 4 4 to only 6 2 between 2004 and 2014 over the same period the proportion of upper middle class income 20 50 a day went from 1 4 to 2 3 56 according to a 2014 study by the german development institute the middle class of sub saharan africa rose from 14 million to 31 million people between 1990 and 2010 57 latin america edit over the years estimates on the size of the latin america s middle class have varied a 1960 study stated that the middle strata in latin america as a whole exclusive of indians constituted just under 20 of the national society 58 a 1964 study estimated that 45 million latin americans belonged to the urban middle class while 15 million belonged to the urban well to do and 8 million to the rural middle class and well to do 59 in brazil according to one estimate in 1970 the lower middle class comprised 12 of the population while the upper middle class comprised 3 60 in the mid 1970s it was estimated by one authority that the brazilian middle class comprised between 15 and 25 of the population 61 a 1969 economic survey estimated that 15 of brazilians belonged to the middle class 62 another study has estimated that in 1970 the lower middle class comprised 12 5 of the population of brazil while the upper middle class comprised 3 and the upper class 1 5 63 by 1970 according to one study the middle class of argentina comprised 38 of the economically active population compared with 19 in brazil and 24 in mexico 64 according to a 1973 study on mexico the well to middle class which included technicians professionals merchants industrialists and landholders made up 11 of the population while the middle class proper which included merchants small farmers teachers and bureaucrats made up 19 of the population in addition the upper class made up 5 of the population while 65 of the population included workers slum dwellers and peasants 65 a later study on mexico from 1975 estimated that the middle class in 1968 defined as families earning between 2 000 and 5 000 pesos annually comprised 36 4 of the population while the upper class defined as families earning over 5 000 pesos annually comprised 9 4 of the population and the lower class defined as families earning less than 2 000 pesos annually comprised 53 9 of the population 66 according to a study by the world bank the number of latin americans who are middle class rose from 103 million to 152 million between 2003 and 2009 67 russia edit due to sustainable growth the pre crisis 68 level was exceeded 69 in 2015 research from the russian academy of sciences estimated that around 15 of the russian population are firmly middle class while around another 25 are on the periphery 70 see also edit society portal politics portal economics portal american middle class social class in the united states british class system social structure of british society pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets classlessness society in which no one is born into a social class pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets cultural determinism concept in social science kulak wealthy independent farmer in the russian empire and early soviet union the lonely crowd 1950 book by david riesman lower middle class social class which is a sub division of the greater middle class lower class hierarchical stratification of societies pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets middle class squeeze decline in middle class real wages and increase in economic inequality occupational prestige public perception of an individual s job one third hypothesis status paradox status paradox of migration upper middle class social class references edit lópez weinstein a ricardo barbara 2012 the making of the middle class toward a transnational history north carolina us duke university press pp 3 4 isbn 9780822394815 tarkhnishvili anna levan 2013 middle class definition role and development pdf global journal of human social science sociology culture 13 2 archived pdf from the original on 2022 01 23 retrieved 2022 03 19 via global journals what is middle class anyway archived from the original on 2020 07 06 retrieved 2020 08 03 baizidi rahim 17 july 2019 paradoxical class paradox of interest and political conservatism in middle class asian journal of political science 27 3 272 285 doi 10 1080 02185377 2019 1642772 issn 0218 5377 s2cid 199308683 sussman gerald 2024 09 05 british and american electoral politics in the age of neoliberalism parallel trajectories taylor francis isbn 978 1 040 13075 9 parker john 12 february 2009 special report burgeoning bourgeoisie the economist archived from the original on 15 february 2009 retrieved 4 september 2023 home oxford english dictionary oed com archived from the original on 2015 09 24 retrieved 2012 05 19 james bradshaw 1745 scheme to prevent the running of irish wools to france and irish woollen goods to foreign countries by prohibiting the importation of spanish wools into ireland humbly offered to the consideration of parliament by a merchant of london...