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national bureau of economic research nber skip to main content nber national bureau of economic research subscribe media open calls summer institute 2024 close search research explore research findings working papers books chapters lectures research spotlights periodicals the digest the reporter the bulletin on retirement and disability the bulletin on health the bulletin on entrepreneurship the bulletin on aging health archives data business cycles boston research data center business cycle dating public use data archive all topics covid 19 unemployment and immigration energy entrepreneurship trade programs projects explore programs projects programs economics of aging asset pricing children corporate finance development economics development of the american economy economic fluctuations and growth economics of education economics of health environment and energy economics industrial organization international finance and macroeconomics international trade and investment labor studies law and economics monetary economics political economy productivity innovation and entrepreneurship public economics working groups behavioral finance chinese economy cohort studies economics of crime entrepreneurship gender in the economy household finance innovation policy insurance market design organizational economics personnel economics race and stratification in the economy urban economics all projects centers boosting grant applications from faculty at msis center for aging and health research conference on research in income and wealth early indicators of later work levels disease and death economics of digitization financial frictions and systemic risk improving health outcomes for an aging population macroeconomics annual measuring the clinical and economic outcomes associated with delivery systems oregon health insurance experiment retirement and disability research center the roybal center for behavior change in health science of science funding training program in aging and health economics transportation economics in the 21st century conferences affiliated scholars nber news explore nber news research in the news nobel laureates featured working papers archive career resources explore career resources ra positions at nber ra positions not at the nber staff positions at nber calls for fellowship applications current fellowship recipients phd candidates in economics about explore about leadership governance support funding history standards of conduct staff subscribe media open calls summer institute 2024 search national bureau of economic research conducting and disseminating nonpartisan economic research business cycle dating information new this week working papers latest from the nber a research summary from the monthly nber digest when central bankers words spoke louder than their action article with more than half the world s population under stay at home mandates by the end of march 2020 many businesses were forced to close and economic activity plunged stock markets fell and some investors rushed to cash out in response central banks enacted expansionary policies to bolster aggregate demand and restore market stability between 2020 and 2021 the federal reserve increased its asset holdings by 22 percent of gdp the european central bank increased its holdings by 33 percent both purchased government securities primarily but they also bought corporate bonds and asset backed instruments in whatever it takes policymaking during the pandemic nber working paper 32115 kathryn m e dominguez and andrea foschi examine how interest rates and exchange rates responded to the monetary policy announcements of 23 central from the nber bulletin on health c section rates and birth outcomes article cesarean section c section is the most common surgical procedure performed in the united states sarah robinson heather royer and david silver report that c section rates for first time singleton births increased from 24 percent to 32 percent between 1989 and 2017 alongside significant changes in medical practices during this period in 2001 for example the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists began recommending c sections for breech births the rising rate of c sections has sparked a debate about whether this procedure is being overused in geographic variation in cesarean sections in the united states trends correlates and other interesting facts nber working paper 31871 the researchers study how cross county differences in c section usage correlate with infant and maternal from the nber reporter research program and conference summaries generic drugs a healthcare market trial article can healthcare markets deliver access affordability and quality while markets for hospital and physician services both have unique challenges generic drug pricing is often seen as a success story for market forces after patent related exclusivity ends prices fall dramatically consumers have access to a range of highly clinically valuable products at low prices is this success unique or can it be replicated in other parts of the healthcare sector as in other healthcare markets insurers play a crucial role in determining both prices and utilization of prescription drugs patients purchase pharmaceuticals from a pharmacy either in a physical location or by mail like many retailers of consumer goods pharmaceutical retailers purchase products from wholesalers and manufacturers a unique feature in the financing of from the nber bulletin on retirement and disability social security and retirement around the world article over the past 25 years labor force participation at older ages has increased dramatically in the 12 countries that are part of the nber s international social security iss project participation among those aged 60 to 64 has risen by an average of over 20 percentage points for men and over 25 percentage points for women in the effects of reforms on retirement behavior introduction and summary nber working paper 31979 authors axel börsch supan and courtney coile report on the most recent work of the iss project the current analysis builds on previous project phases which showed that changes in health and education could from the nber bulletin on entrepreneurship c suite differences public versus privately held firms article private equity pe firms business model is to acquire privately held companies to change their strategy and operations with the goal of improving profitability and growth and ultimately to sell the companies for a profit the senior management team is replaced at a majority of private equity acquisitions more than 40 percent of pe firms report that this is a key way to improve their acquisitions success in the market for ceos evidence from private equity nber working paper 30899 paul gompers steven kaplan and vladimir mukharlyamov compare the characteristics of ceos installed by pe firms to the characteristics of those who become featured working papers expropriation risk and innovation april 17 2024 cross country analysis finds that expropriation risk such as is posed by corruption reduces r d expenditure human capital in r d number of patents scientific publications according to jose miguel benavente claudio bravo ortega pablo egaña delsol and bronwyn h hall vaccine mandates and healthcare jobs april 16 2024 following adoption of state level vaccine mandates during the covid pandemic healthcare workers left their jobs at higher rates and were slower to be replaced than workers in nonhealthcare occupations according to research by rahi abouk john s earle johanna catherine maclean and sungbin park deposit insurance and liquidity in panics april 15 2024 between 1929 and 1935 banks located near a post office that offered households federally insured deposit accounts were more likely to close reflecting depositor flight to safer institutions according to an analysis by matthew s jaremski and steven sprick schuster something that works in us jails april 12 2024 one additional month of inmate exposure to the law enforcement led ignite program in the flint michigan county jail reduced within jail misconduct by 49 percent and three month recidivism by 18 percent marcella alsan arkey m barnett peter hull and crystal yang find risk and returns to private debt funds april 11 2024 research by isil erel thomas flanagan and michael s weisbach finds that the returns on private debt funds are not high enough to cover both their fees and investors risk adjusted rates of return view all in the news recent citations of nber research in the media _______________________________________ how many people went to a place of worship at least once the mighty 790 kfgo april 17 2024 source kfgo radio fargo read the research here why the status quo matters april 17 2024 source econlib read the research here the statistical side of immigration april 17 2024 source ordinary times read the research here nfl teams know the best way to draft so why aren t they doing it april 16 2024 source the athletic read the research here why psychologists should care about blockchain data april 16 2024 source the psychologist uk read the research here view all research projects career networks in general equilibrium project nb24 07 ssi and ssdi utilization by american indians and alaska natives the effects of medicaid expansions and long covid project r drc year 6 2023 24 project social media interventions to address substance abuse issues in the indian state of punjab project nudging patients to increase shingles vaccination project more nber research projects conferences race and stratification working group spring 2025 conference organizer s marcus d casey ellora derenoncourt bradley hardy trevon logan financial market frictions and systemic risks fall 2024 conference retirement and disability research center spring 2024 conference organizer s nicole maestas angelino viceisza courtney coile richard woodbury patricia tirrell alterra milone nber center for aging and health pilot projects spring 2024 conference organizer s anne case david m cutler jonathan s skinner richard woodbury matthew c goodridge alterra milone innovation information initiative technical working group meeting fall 2024 conference organizer s matt marx explore conferences books chapters through a partnership with the university of chicago press the nber publishes the proceedings of four annual conferences as well as other research studies associated with nber based research projects financing institutions of higher education book race ethnicity and economic statistics for the 21st century book the labor market for older workers book nber international seminar on macroeconomics 2023 book new directions in market design book explore books chapters research spotlights nber researchers discuss their work on subjects of wide interest to economists policymakers and the general public recordings of more detailed presentations keynote addresses and panel discussions at nber conferences are available on the lectures page 2023 florian ederer anonymity and identity online an empirical study research spotlight an investigation of the role of anonymity in online communication and social media posting 2023 conrad miller when work moves job suburbanization and black employment research spotlight in recognition of black history month research associate conrad miller of the university of california berkeley 2023 trevon logan whitelashing black politicians taxes and violence research spotlight in recognition of black history month research associate trevon logan of the ohio state university who directs the 2023 david culter and nancy beaulieu organization and performance of us health systems research spotlight a growing fraction of us medical care is delivered through integrated healthcare systems that include many medical 2016 long term asset management interview joseph j gerakos research spotlight explore research spotlights sign up for new this week the weekly 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