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elgate scandal where volkswagen and manufacturers around europe and the world fraudulently concealed their true emissions in 2007 commission v germany held that the german volkswagen act 1959 violated free movement of capital in tfeu article 63 by ensuring that the state of lower saxony had a golden share to exercise public control over the company s governance it limited voting rights of individual shareholder to 20 of the company the german government s justification that the restrictions were an overriding public interest for instance to protect workers was rejected a justification for environmental protection was not offered after this the porsche family dominated volkswagen and in 2007 a new ceo martin winterkorn took up his post and aimed in strategie 2018 to become the world s largest auto manufacturer and it began to install cheat devices 489 high speed rail in europe is coordinated by the commission and has a patchwork plan to gradually upgrade track for a faster network 490 people need to have a driving licence to drive on a road and there is a common system of recognition around the eu 491 for delivery vehicle workers the road transport regulation 2006 limits daily driving time to 9 hours a day a maximum of 56 hours a week and requires at least a 45 minute break after 4 1 2 hours drivers may also not be paid according to distance travelled if this would endanger road safety 492 taxi enterprises are usually regulated separately in each member state and the attempts of the app based firm uber to evade regulation by arguing it was not a transport service rather than an information society service failed 493 most bus networks are publicly owned or procured but there are common rights if buses are delayed in journeys over 250 kilometres the bus passenger rights regulation 2011 entitles passengers to compensation 494 under article 19 a delay over two hours must result in compensation of 50 of the ticket price as well as rerouting and reimbursement article 6 says carriers may offer contract conditions that are more favourable for the passenger although it is not clear many take up this option article 7 says member states cannot set maximum compensation for death or injury lower than 220 000 per passenger or 1200 per item of luggage there is not yet a requirement for the major bus delivery taxi enterprises to electrify their fleets even though this would create the fastest reduction of emissions and would be cheaper for business in total operating costs 495 transport and buildings are the eu s two greatest internal sources of fossil fuel use but there is no legislative end to gas heating or end to polluting motors until 2035 or 2030 in some member states in rail transport the single european railway directive 2012 requires that ownership of tracks and operating companies are separated to prevent conflicts of interest and pricing particularly to ensure that trains can run from one member state to another 496 most european railways are publicly owned and each train enterprise must have separate accounts and member states should run railways at the lowest possible cost for the quality of service required 497 the rail passenger rights regulation 2007 article 17 states that 25 of a ticket price should be refunded if there is a one hour delay and 50 over two hours with a threshold of 4 to claim passengers have a right to take bicycles on trains where they are not overcrowded there must be clear information on tickets and there are rights to make reservations 498 finally in air transport under the flight compensation regulation ec no 261 2004 there is a minimum right of 250 compensation for 2 hour delay on 1500 km flight 400 compensation for 3 hour delay or more on a 1500 3500 km flight and 600 for 4 hours in flights over 3500 km flight plus the right to refreshments hotels and alternative transport there are not yet duties on airline companies to invest in research for clean fuels and eliminate unnecessary flight paths when clean land transport alternatives such as high speed rail exist finally the right to housing assistance is a basic part of eu law 499 house prices are affected by monetary policy above but otherwise the eu s involvement is so far limited to minimal environmental standards the energy performance of buildings directive 2010 aims to eliminate unclean materials and energy waste to have nearly zero energy buildings particularly by setting standards for new buildings since 2020 and upgrading existing buildings by 2050 500 there is however no requirement yet that all buildings replace gas heating with electric or heat pumps have solar or wind energy generation electric vehicle charging and particular insulation standards wherever possible communications and data edit see also telecommunications in the eu internet in the eu and general data protection regulation v t e eu communication sources udhr 1948 arts 18 19 iccpr 1966 art 19 2 echr 1950 arts 9 10 cfreu 2000 arts 10 11 and 19 1 postal services directive 1997 67 ec art 1 electronic communications code directive 2018 1972 arts 3 17 61 84 access directive 2002 19 ec arts 3 6 and annex i information society directive 2015 1535 annex i electronic commerce directive 2000 31 ec arts 1 3 14 15 cartier international ag v bt plc 2018 uksc 28 general data protection regulation 2016 679 arts 4 11 5 8 13 17 net neutrality regulation 2015 2120 art 3 3 roaming regulation eu no 531 2012 arts 7 8 r vodafone ltd v ss for business 2010 c 58 08 see european union law the right to seek receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds regardless of frontiers 501 is a basic part of freedom of expression as much as the right against arbitrary or unlawful interference with our privacy family home or correspondence whether interference is by business government or anyone else 502 communication networks from the post to telephone lines to the internet are crucial for friends families business and government and eu law sets standards for their construction and use for example the postal services directive 1997 article 3 requires universal service at minimum standards by the main postal provider 503 for mobile phone access anywhere in the eu the roaming regulation 2022 eliminates extra charges for mobile calls texts and data when abroad in other member states and wholesale charges must be fair 504 to ensure internet service providers do not slow speeds for some websites to gain unfair profit the net neutrality regulation 2015 states providers of internet access services shall treat all traffic equally but this shall not prevent reasonable traffic management measures 505 the new internet backbone is made from optical fibre networks meaning much faster internet than old copper cables the eu s pledge is at least 100 mbps internet speed to all households in 2025 and 1000 mbps not until 2030 even though speeds 10 times this were available in 2015 506 since today s communications have mostly merged into the internet the electronic communications code directive 2018 is critical for eu infrastructure 507 article 5 requires a member state regulator or a competent authority is set up that will license use of the radio spectrum through which mobile and internet signals travel a regulator must also enable access and interconnection to other infrastructure such as telecomms and broadband cables protect end user rights and monitor competition issues regarding open internet access to ensure rights such as universal service and portability of phone numbers 508 articles 6 8 require the regulators are independent with dismissal of heads only for a good reason and articles 10 11 require cooperation with other authorities articles 12 13 require that use of electronic communication networks is authorised by a regulator and that conditions attached are non discriminatory proportionate and transparent 509 the owner of a communication network has duties to allow access and interconnection on fair terms and so article 17 requires that its accounts and financial reports are separate from other activities if the enterprise does other business 510 article 74 foresees that regulators can control prices and article 84 says member states should ensure that all consumers in their territories have access at an affordable price in light of specific national conditions to an available adequate broadband internet access service and to voice communications services while some eu member states have privatised all and some part of their telecomms infrastructure publicly or community owned internet providers such as in denmark or romania tend to have the fastest web speeds 511 data protection is a human right 512 and personal data cannot be processed by any enterprise except with consent or by law under the general data protection regulation 2016 historically to protect people s privacy and correspondence the post banned tampering with letters and excluded post offices from responsibility for letters even if the contents were for something illegal 513 as the internet developed the original information society directive 1998 aimed for something similar so that internet server providers or email hosts for instance protected privacy 514 after this the electronic commerce directive 2000 also sought to ensure free movement for an information society service 515 requiring member states to not restrict them unless it was to fulfill a public policy prevent crime fight incitement to hatred protect individual dignity protect health or protect consumers or investors 516 articles 12 to 14 further said that an iss operating as a mere conduit for information doing caching or hosting is not liable for information stored if the provider does not have actual knowledge of illegal activity and is not aware of facts or circumstances from which the illegal activity or information is apparent but must act quickly to remove or disable access upon obtaining knowledge or awareness 517 article 15 states that member states should not impose a general obligation on providers to monitor the information which they transmit or store nor seek facts on illegality 518 however the meaning of who was an iss was not clearly defined in law 519 and has become a problem with social media that was not meant to be protected like private communication an internet service provider has been held to be an iss 520 and so has a wi fi host 521 the electronic commerce directive 2000 recital 11 states email services search engines data storage and streaming are information society services and an individual email is not 522 and the information society directive 2015 makes clear that tv and radio stations do not count as iss s 523 none of these definitions include advertising which is never at the request of a recipient of services as the 2015 directive requires however various cases have decided that ebay 524 facebook 525 and airbnb 526 may count as isss but the cab app uber does not 527 the main rights to data privacy are found in the general data protection regulation 2016 first there is the right to have data about someone processed only with their consent 528 or based on other justifiable grounds such as a lawful purpose it has been held that consent is not given if there is a pre checked checkbox which the user must deselect to refuse 529 under the privacy and electronic communications directive 2002 a well known result is that websites must not install cookies into someone s web browser unless they positively accept cookies 530 the eu has not yet simply enabled people to block all cookies within a browser and required that websites give people this option without thousands of annoying buttons to click 531 second people have the right to be informed about data kept on them 532 third there is a right to be forgotten and the data to be deleted 533 where legal standards do not exist alphabet facebook or microsoft have largely been uncontrolled in privacy invasion for instance gmail pioneering surveillance of emails for ads as its first business model 534 and facebook abolishing service user voting rights over changes to its privacy policies in 2012 535 there are no rights yet in eu law for service users to vote for representatives on boards of big tech companies that take their data or to have decision rights over use of their data in contrast to the rights of service users of websites like wikipedia 536 media and markets edit see also media freedom in the european union and european broadcasting union v t e eu media sources udhr 1948 arts 19 and 21 iccpr 1966 arts 19 and 25 echr 1950 art 10 2 cfreu 2000 art 11 audiovisual media services directive 2010 13 eu arts 1 and 6 electronic commerce directive 2000 31 ec arts 1 14 15 digital services act regulation 2022 2065 arts 3 13 35 6 51 digital markets act regulation 2022 1925 google android 18 july 2018 case 40099 google shopping 27 june 2017 case 39740 google adsense 14 july 2016 case 40411 amazon marketplace 17 july 2019 case 40462 bundeskartellamt decision facebook inc 6 february 2019 b6 22 16 see european union law pluralism and regulation of the media such as through the licensing of broadcasting television or cinema enterprises 537 have long been seen as essential to protect freedom of opinion and expression 538 to ensure that citizens have a more equal voice 539 and ultimately to support the universal right to take part in the government 540 in almost all member states there is a well funded public and independent broadcaster for tv and radio and there are common standards for all tv and radio which are designed to support open fact based discussion and deliberative democracy however the same standards have not yet been applied to equivalent internet television radio or social media such as the platforms controlled by youtube owned by alphabet facebook or instagram owned by meta or twitter owned by elon musk all of which have spread conspiracy theories discrimination far right extremist terrorist and hostile military content the brexit cruz and trump campaigns in 2016 took personal facebook and other data without user s consent built psychological profiles of everyone and corporations and the russian military flooded social media with ads or bots to manipulate voters 541 eu law does not yet regulate web media spreading false news discrimination or propaganda general standards for broadcasting are found in the audiovisual media services directive 2010 it defines an audiovisual media services to mean those devoted to providing programmes under the editorial responsibility of a media service provider to the general public in order to inform entertain or educate to the general public by electronic communications networks either on tv or an on demand service 542 an on demand service involves viewing of programmes at the moment chosen by the user and at his individual request on the basis of a catalogue of programmes selected by the media service provider member states must ensure audiovisual services do not c...
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