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13 other finland is the eighth largest country in europe after russia ukraine france spain sweden norway and germany as a whole the shape of finland s boundaries resembles a figure of a one armed human in finnish parallels are drawn between the figure and the national personification of finland finnish maiden suomi neito and the country as a whole can be referred in the finnish language by her name even in official context the area around enontekiö in northwestern part of the country between sweden and norway can be referred to as the arm käsivarsi after the continuation war finland lost major land areas to the soviet union in the moscow armistice of 1944 and the figure was said to have lost the other of her arms as well as a hem of her skirt relief and geology edit geology edit main article geology of finland the view of saana mountain in kilpisjärvi finland the bedrock of finland belong to the baltic shield 1 and was formed by a succession of orogenies in precambrian time 2 the oldest rocks of finland those of archean age are found in the east and north these rocks are chiefly granitoids and migmatitic gneiss 1 rocks in central and western finland originated or came to place during the svecokarelian orogeny 1 following this last orogeny rapakivi granites intruded various locations of finland during the mesoproterozoic and neoproterozoic specially at åland and the southeast 1 so called jotnian sediments occur usually together with rapakivi granites 3 the youngest rocks in finland are those found in the northwestern arm which belong to scandinavian caledonides that assembled in paleozoic times 2 during the caledonian orogeny finland was likely a sunken foreland basin covered by sediments subsequent uplift and erosion would have eroded all of these sediments 4 relief and hydrography edit see also list of islands of finland an aerial view of the kvarken archipelago about one third of finland lies below 100 m and about two thirds lies under 200 m 1 finland can be divided into three topographical areas the coastal landscapes the interior lake plateau also known as finnish lake district and upland finland 1 the coastal landscapes are made up mostly of plains below 20 m these plains tilt gently towards the sea so that where its irregularities surpasses sea level groups of islands like the kvarken archipelago or the åland islands are found 1 åland is connected to the finnish mainland by a shallow submarine plateau that does not exceed 20 m in depth 5 next to the gulf of bothnia the landscape of finland is extremely flat with height differences no larger than 50 m 6 this region called the ostrobothnian plain extends inland about 100 km and constitute the largest plain in the nordic countries 6 the interior lake plateau is dominated by undulating hilly terrain with valley to top height differences of 100 or less and occasionally up to 200 m 1 6 only the area around the lakes pielinen and päijänne stand with a subtly more pronounced relief 6 the relief of the interior lake plateau bears some resemblance to the swedish norrland terrain 1 upland finland and areas higher than 200 m are found mostly in the north and east of the country where hills and mountains exceed 500 m in height in these regions 6 inselberg plains are common in the northern half of the country 7 in the northern region more known as lapland highest points reach mostly from 200 m to 600 m and the landscape is a förfjäll fore fell 1 however the most northern parts represent a more dramatic mountain landscape where the halti fell represents a highest point 1361 m in the country 8 9 the subdued landscape of finland is the result of protracted erosion that has leveled down ancient mountain massifs into near flat landforms called peneplains 2 the last major leveling event resulted in the formation of the sub cambrian peneplain in late neoproterozoic time 2 10 while finland has remained very close to sea level since the formation of this last peneplain some further relief was formed by a slight uplift resulting in the carving of valleys by rivers the slight uplift also means that at parts the uplifted peneplain can be traced as summit accordances 2 the quaternary ice ages resulted in the erosion of weak rock and loose materials by glaciers when the ice masses retreated eroded depressions turned into lakes 2 a fractures in finland s bedrock were particularly affected by weathering and erosion leaving as result trace straight sea and lake inlets 2 paratiisikuru waterfall in urho kekkonen national park sodankylä finland effects of the last ice age glacial striations in a country without glaciers except a few rivers along the coasts most rivers in finland drain at some stage into one or more lakes 8 the drainage basins drain into various directions much of finland drains into the gulf of bothnia including the country s largest and longest rivers kokemäenjoki and kemijoki respectively 8 finland s largest lake drains by vuoksi river into lake ladoga in russia 1 8 upland finland in the east drains east across russian republic of karelia into the white sea 8 in the northeast lake inari discharges by paatsjoki into barents sea in the arctic 8 localities in finland by approximate date of deglaciation 12 year before present deglaciated 12 700 helsinki kotka 11 000 turku kuopio 10 900 jyväskylä mariehamn tampere 10 800 lake inari 10 700 all of åland 10 500 kajaani 10 300 vasa oulu 10 200 rovaniemi 10 100 tornio quaternary glaciation edit further information weichselian glaciation and geology of finland the ice sheet that covered finland intermittently during the quaternary grew out from the scandinavian mountains 13 during the last deglaciation the first parts of finland to become ice free the southeastern coast did so slightly prior to the younger dryas cold spell 12 700 years before present bp the retreat of the ice cover occurred simultaneously from the north east the east and southeast the retreat was fastest from the southeast resulting in the lower course of tornio being the last part of finland to be deglaciated finally by 10 100 years bp the ice cover had all but left finland to concentrate in sweden and norway before fading away 12 as the ice sheet became thinner and retreated the land begun to rise by effect of isostacy much of finland was under water when the ice retreated and was gradually uplifted in a process that continues today 14 b albeit not all areas were drowned at the same time it is estimated at time or another about 62 has been under water 15 depending on location in finland the ancient shoreline reached different maximum heights in southern finland 150 to 160 m in central finland about 200 m and in eastern finland up to 220 m 14 climate edit finland map of köppen climate classification latitude is the principal influence on finland s climate because of finland s northern location winter is the longest season 16 only in the south coast is summer as long as winter citation needed on the average winter lasts from early december to mid march in the archipelago and the southwestern coast and from early october to early may in lapland citation needed this means that southern portions of the country are snow covered about three months of the year and the northern about seven months 16 the long winter causes about half of the annual 500 to 600 millimetres 19 7 to 23 6 in of precipitation in the north to fall as snow 16 precipitation in the south amounts to about 600 to 700 millimetres 23 6 to 27 6 in annually 16 like that of the north it occurs all through the year though not so much of it is snow 16 the atlantic ocean to the west and the eurasian continent to the east interact to modify the climate of the country 16 the warm waters of the gulf stream and the north atlantic drift current which warm norway and sweden also warm finland 16 westerly winds bring the warm air currents into the baltic areas and to the country s shores moderating winter temperatures especially in the south 16 these winds because of clouds associated with weather systems accompanying the westerlies also decrease the amount of sunshine received during the summer 16 by contrast the continental high pressure system situated over the eurasian continent counteracts the maritime influences occasionally causing severe winters and high temperatures in the summer 16 the highest ever recorded temperature is 37 2 c 99 0 f liperi 29 july 2010 17 the lowest 51 5 c 60 7 f kittilä 28 january 1999 the annual middle temperature is relatively high in the southwestern part of the country 5 0 to 7 5 c or 41 0 to 45 5 f with quite mild winters and warm summers and low in the northeastern part of lapland 0 to 4 c or 32 to 25 f temperature extremes for every month 18 climate data for finland month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 10 9 51 6 11 8 53 2 17 5 63 5 25 5 77 9 31 0 87 8 33 8 92 8 37 2 99 0 33 8 92 8 28 8 83 8 21 1 70 0 16 6 61 9 11 3 52 3 37 2 99 0 record low c f 51 5 60 7 49 0 56 2 44 3 47 7 36 0 32 8 24 6 12 3 7 0 19 4 5 0 23 0 10 8 12 6 18 7 1 7 31 8 25 2 42 0 43 6 47 0 52 6 51 5 60 7 source https ilmatieteenlaitos fi lampotilaennatyksia extreme highs january 10 9 c 51 6 f january 6 1973 mariehamn airport jomala åland february 11 8 c 53 2 f february 28 1943 ilmala helsinki uusimaa march 17 5 c 63 5 f march 27 2007 helsinki airport vantaa uusimaa april 25 5 c 77 9 f april 27 1921 jyväskylä central finland may 31 0 c 87 8 f may 30 31 1995 ingermaninkylä lapinjärvi uusimaa june 33 8 c 92 8 f june 24 1934 ähtäri south ostrobothnia july 37 2 c 99 0 f july 29 2010 joensuu airport liperi north karelia 17 august 33 8 c 92 8 f august 7 2010 heinola päijät häme and puumala south savo 19 and august 8 2010 laune lahti päijät häme september 28 8 c 83 8 f september 6 1968 rauma satakunta october 21 1 c 70 0 f october 14 2018 oulu airport oulu north ostrobothnia november 16 6 c 61 9 f november 6 2020 mariehamn airport jomala åland december 11 3 c 52 3 f december 20 2015 kokemäki satakunta and pori satakunta extreme lows january 51 5 c 60 7 f january 28 1999 pokka kittilä lapland february 49 0 c 56 2 f february 5 1912 sodankylä lapland march 44 3 c 47 7 f march 1 1971 tuntsa salla lapland april 36 0 c 32 8 f april 2 1912 kuusamo north ostrobothnia and april 9 1912 sodankylä lapland may 24 6 c 12 3 f may 1 1971 kalmankaltio enontekiö lapland june 7 0 c 19 4 f june 3 1962 laanila inari lapland july 5 0 c 23 0 f july 12 1958 kilpisjärvi enontekiö lapland august 10 8 c 12 6 f august 26 1980 naruska salla lapland september 18 7 c 1 7 f september 26 1968 vuotso sodankylä lapland october 31 8 c 25 2 f october 25 1968 sodankylä lapland november 42 0 c 43 6 f november 30 1915 sodankylä lapland december 47 0 c 52 6 f december 21 1919 pielisjärvi north karelia area and boundaries edit there are some 187 888 lakes in finland larger than 500 square metres and 75 818 islands of over 0 5 km2 area area total 338 145 km 2 130 559 sq mi land 303 815 km 2 117 304 sq mi water 34 330 km 2 13 250 sq mi area comparative slightly smaller than germany montana and newfoundland and labrador land boundaries total 2 563 km 1 593 mi border countries norway 709 km 441 mi sweden 545 km 339 mi russia 1 309 km 813 mi an aerial photograph of naantali archipelago archipelago sea coastline 31 119 km 19 336 mi maritime claims territorial sea 12 nmi 22 2 km 13 8 mi 3 nmi 5 56 km 3 45 mi in the gulf of finland there is a stretch of international waters between finnish and estonian claims bogskär has separate internal waters and 3 nmi of territorial waters contiguous zone 24 nmi 44 4 km 27 6 mi exclusive economic zone 87 171 km 2 33 657 mi 2 extends to continental shelf boundary with sweden estonia and russia continental shelf 200 m 660 ft depth or to the depth of exploitation elevation extremes lowest point baltic sea 0 m 20 highest point haltitunturi 1 328 m 4 357 ft 20 resources and land use edit lake inari lapland share of forest area in total land area top countries 2021 finland has the tenth highest percentage of forest cover in the world natural resources timber iron ore copper lead zinc chromite nickel gold silver limestone 20 land use 20 agricultural land 7 5 2018 est arable land 7 4 2018 est permanent crops 0 2018 est permanent pasture 0 1 2018 est forest 72 9 2018 est other 19 6 2018 est irrigated land 690 km 2 2012 20 total renewable water resources 110 billion m 3 2017 est 20 freshwater withdrawal domestic industrial agricultural 20 municipal 400 million m 3 2017 est industrial 1 417 billion m 3 2017 est agricultural 50 million m 3 2017 est environmental concerns edit main article environmental issues in finland natural hazards cold periods in winter pose a threat to the unprepared environment current issues air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain water pollution from industrial wastes agricultural chemicals habitat loss threatens wildlife populations 20 environment international agreements party to air pollution air pollution heavy metals air pollution multi effect protocol air pollution nitrogen oxides 20 air pollution persistent organic pollutants signed 2001 ratified 2002 21 20 air pollution sulphur 85 air pollution sulphur 94 air pollution volatile organic compounds antarctic environmental protection antarctic marine living resources antarctic treaty biodiversity climate change 20 climate change kyoto protocol signed may 1998 ratified together with 14 other eu countries may 31 2002 22 20 climate change paris agreement comprehensive nuclear test ban desertification endangered species environmental modification hazardous wastes law of the sea marine dumping london convention marine dumping london protocol marine life conservation nuclear test ban ozone layer protection ship pollution tropical timber 2006 wetlands whaling 20 other miscellaneous information edit finland portal in finland there are approximately 168 000 lakes of over 0 05 hectares 0 12 acres in size and 57 000 of over 1 hectare 2 5 acres 23 a research project by national land survey of finland is currently 2019 seeking to clarify the definition of lake and the number of lakes in finland 24 the finnish capital helsinki is the northernmost capital city on the mainland of any continent and ranks as second globally the icelandic capital reykjavik takes the first place globally at 1 313 kilometres 816 mi finland has the second longest border with russia of any european country surpassed only by ukraine 1 576 km or 979 mi the third largest lake lake inari in the lapland province of extreme northern finland has a surface area of 1 040 28 square kilometres 401 65 sq mi a total shore length of 3 308 kilometres 2 055 mi a maximum depth of 92 metres 302 ft some 3 318 islands and a total water volume of 15 9 cubic kilometres 3 8 cu mi despite its size and numerous recreational opportunities the lake is scarcely visited sheerly because of its 1 100 kilometre 680 mi distance from helsinki and its daunting distan...
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