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9744817, 8349, 204m4, 1978, 2264, 204m3, 1947, 2185, 204m2, 265, 204m1, 0000, 0158, 014, 1932, 9730435, 1988, 2970, 203m3, 480, 2949, 203m2, 825, 203m1, 924, 1942, 9733906, 121, 1987, 5300, 202m3, 4140, 202m2, 2169, 202m1, 9721516, 508, 2953, 201m2, 1952, 629, 201m1, 972870, 3005, 200m2, 456, 2183, 200m1, 971819, 2563, 199m2, 429, 199m1, 9729126, 2821, 198m3, 2231, 198m2, 2141, 198m1, 9720155, 1914, 197m2, 319, 197m1, 9734347, 270, 2694, 196m2, 140, 1797, 196m1, 9727876, 2901, 195m3, 1759, 195m2, 195m1, 9745162, 2933, 194m2, 370, 2628, 194m1, 974012, 1991, 2707, 193m2, 193m1, 976136, 756, 2001, 2743, 192m3, 1979, 2625, 192m2, 166, 2581, 192m1, 0059, 9757896, 2659, 191m2, 191m1, 9782165, 2658, 190m3, 2665, 190m2, 150, 2614, 190m1, 978082, 2005, 2475, 189m2, 2009, 189m1, 980844, 440, 4783, 188m3, 2709, 188m2, 800, 2577, 188m1, 980879, 307, 187m2, 187m1, 9839108, 984239, 185m, 987610, 988136, 415, 183m, 991863, 992674, 996661, 1996, 997916, 175, 002, 174, 250, 003836, range, normal, 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t has by far the longest half life 22 2 years and occurs in the abundant uranium decay series lead 211 212 and 214 are present in the decay chains of uranium 235 thorium 232 and uranium 238 further making these three lead isotopes also detectable in natural sources the more minute traces of lead 209 arise from three rare decay branches the beta delayed neutron decay of thallium 210 in the uranium series the last step of the neptunium series traces of which are produced by neutron capture in uranium ores and the very rare cluster decay of radium 223 yielding also carbon 14 lead 213 also occurs in a minor branch of the neptunium series lead 210 is particularly useful for helping to identify the ages of samples by measuring its ratio to lead 206 both isotopes are present in a single decay chain 6 full citation needed in total 43 lead isotopes have been synthesized from 178 pb to 220 pb list of isotopes edit nuclide n 1 historic name z n isotopic mass da 7 n 2 n 3 discovery year 8 9 half life 1 decay mode 1 n 4 daughter isotope n 5 n 6 spin and parity 1 n 7 n 8 natural abundance mole fraction excitation energy n 8 normal proportion 1 range of variation 178 pb 82 96 178 003836 25 2016 250 80 μs α 174 hg 0 β 178 tl 179 pb 82 97 179 002 87 2010 2 7 2 ms α 175 hg 9 2 180 pb 82 98 179 997916 13 1996 4 1 3 ms α 176 hg 0 181 pb 82 99 180 996661 91 1989 39 0 8 ms α 177 hg 9 2 β 181 tl 182 pb 82 100 181 992674 13 1986 55 5 ms α 178 hg 0 β 182 tl 183 pb 82 101 182 991863 31 1980 535 30 ms α 179 hg 3 2 β 183 tl 183m pb 94 8 kev 2002 415 20 ms α 179 hg 13 2 β 183 tl it 183 pb 184 pb 82 102 183 988136 14 1980 490 25 ms α 80 180 hg 0 β 20 184 tl 185 pb 82 103 184 987610 17 1975 6 3 4 s β 66 185 tl 3 2 α 34 181 hg 185m pb n 9 70 50 kev 1975 4 07 15 s α 50 181 hg 13 2 β 50 185 tl 186 pb 82 104 185 984239 12 1972 4 82 3 s β 60 186 tl 0 α 40 182 hg 187 pb 82 105 186 9839108 55 1972 15 2 3 s β 90 5 187 tl 3 2 α 9 5 183 hg 187m1 pb n 9 19 10 kev 1981 18 3 3 s β 88 187 tl 13 2 α 12 183 hg 187m2 pb 307 9 1 kev 2022 5 15 15 μs it 187 pb 7 2 188 pb 82 106 187 980879 11 1972 25 1 1 s β 91 5 188 tl 0 α 8 5 184 hg 188m1 pb 2577 2 4 kev 1999 800 20 ns it 188 pb 8 188m2 pb 2709 8 5 kev 1999 94 12 ns it 188 pb 12 188m3 pb 4783 4 7 kev 2000 440 60 ns it 188 pb 19 189 pb 82 107 188 980844 15 1972 39 8 s β 99 58 189 tl 3 2 α 0 42 185 hg 189m1 pb 40 4 kev 2009 50 5 21 s β 99 6 189 tl 13 2 α 0 4 185 hg it 189 pb 189m2 pb 2475 4 kev 2005 26 5 μs it 189 pb 31 2 190 pb 82 108 189 978082 13 1972 71 1 s β 99 60 190 tl 0 α 0 40 186 hg 190m1 pb 2614 8 8 kev 1998 150 14 ns it 190 pb 10 190m2 pb 2665 50 kev 1985 24 3 21 μs it 190 pb 12 190m3 pb 2658 2 8 kev 1998 7 7 3 μs it 190 pb 11 191 pb 82 109 190 9782165 71 1974 1 33 8 min β 99 49 191 tl 3 2 α 0 51 187 hg 191m1 pb 58 10 kev 1981 2 18 8 min β 99 98 191 tl 13 2 α 0 02 187 hg 191m2 pb 2659 10 kev 1999 180 80 ns it 191 pb 33 2 192 pb 82 110 191 9757896 61 1974 3 5 1 min β 99 99 192 tl 0 α 0 0059 188 hg 192m1 pb 2581 1 1 kev 1985 166 6 ns it 192 pb 10 192m2 pb 2625 1 11 kev 1979 1 09 4 μs it 192 pb 12 192m3 pb 2743 5 4 kev 2001 756 14 ns it 192 pb 11 193 pb 82 111 192 976136 11 1974 4 min β 193 tl 3 2 193m1 pb 93 12 kev 1974 5 8 2 min β 193 tl 13 2 193m2 pb 2707 13 kev 1991 180 15 ns it 193 pb 33 2 194 pb 82 112 193 974012 19 1960 10 7 6 min β 194 tl 0 α 7 3 10 6 190 hg 194m1 pb 2628 1 4 kev 1972 370 13 ns it 194 pb 12 194m2 pb 2933 0 4 kev 1986 133 7 ns it 194 pb 11 195 pb 82 113 194 9745162 55 1957 15 0 14 min β 195 tl 3 2 195m1 pb 202 9 7 kev 1982 15 0 12 min β 195 tl 13 2 it 195 pb 195m2 pb 1759 0 7 kev 1977 10 0 7 μs it 195 pb 21 2 195m3 pb 2901 7 8 kev 1982 n 10 95 20 ns it 195 pb 33 2 196 pb 82 114 195 9727876 83 1957 37 3 min β 196 tl 0 α 3 10 5 192 hg 196m1 pb 1797 51 14 kev 1973 140 14 ns it 196 pb 5 196m2 pb 2694 6 3 kev 1973 270 4 ns it 196 pb 12 197 pb 82 115 196 9734347 52 1955 8 1 17 min β 197 tl 3 2 197m1 pb 319 31 11 kev 1957 42 9 9 min β 81 197 tl 13 2 it 19 197 pb 197m2 pb 1914 10 25 kev 1977 1 15 20 μs it 197 pb 21 2 198 pb 82 116 197 9720155 94 1955 2 4 1 h β 198 tl 0 198m1 pb 2141 4 4 kev 1972 4 12 7 μs it 198 pb 7 198m2 pb 2231 4 5 kev 1973 137 10 ns it 198 pb 9 198m3 pb 2821 7 6 kev 1973 212 4 ns it 198 pb 12 199 pb 82 117 198 9729126 73 1950 90 10 min β 199 tl 3 2 199m1 pb 429 5 27 kev 1955 12 2 3 min it 199 pb 13 2 β 199 tl 199m2 pb 2563 8 27 kev 1977 10 1 2 μs it 199 pb 29 2 200 pb 82 118 199 971819 11 1950 21 5 4 h ec 200 tl 0 200m1 pb 2183 3 11 kev 1972 456 6 ns it 200 pb 9 200m2 pb 3005 8 12 kev 1973 198 3 ns it 200 pb 12 201 pb 82 119 200 972870 15 1950 9 33 3 h β 201 tl 5 2 201m1 pb 629 1 3 kev 1952 60 8 18 s it 201 pb 13 2 β 201 tl 201m2 pb 2953 20 kev 1981 508 3 ns it 201 pb 29 2 202 pb 82 120 201 9721516 41 1954 5 25 28 10 4 y ec 202 tl 0 202m1 pb 2169 85 8 kev 1954 3 54 2 h it 90 5 202 pb 9 β 9 5 202 tl 202m2 pb 4140 50 kev 1986 100 3 ns it 202 pb 16 202m3 pb 5300 50 kev 1987 108 3 ns it 202 pb 19 203 pb 82 121 202 9733906 70 1942 51 924 15 h ec 203 tl 5 2 203m1 pb 825 2 3 kev 1955 6 21 8 s it 203 pb 13 2 203m2 pb 2949 2 4 kev 1977 480 7 ms it 203 pb 29 2 203m3 pb 2970 50 kev 1988 122 4 ns it 203 pb 25 2 204 pb n 11 82 122 203 9730435 12 1932 observationally stable n 12 0 0 014 6 0 0000 0 0158 11 204m1 pb 1274 13 5 kev 1950 265 6 ns it 204 pb 4 204m2 pb 2185 88 8 kev 1947 66 93 10 min it 204 pb 9 204m3 pb 2264 42 6 kev 1978 490 70 ns it 204 pb 7 204m4 pb 8349 kev 2022 0 22 2 ms it 204 pb 22 205 pb 82 123 204 9744817 12 1954 1 70 9 10 7 y ec 205 tl 5 2 205m1 pb 2 329 7 kev 1976 24 2 4 μs it 205 pb 1 2 205m2 pb 1013 85 3 kev 1960 5 55 2 ms it 205 pb 13 2 205m3 pb 3195 8 6 kev 1973 217 5 ns it 205 pb 25 2 206 pb n 11 n 13 radium g 12 82 124 205 9744652 12 1927 observationally stable n 14 0 0 241 30 0 0190 0 8673 11 206m1 pb 2200 16 4 kev 1953 125 2 μs it 206 pb 7 206m2 pb 4027 3 7 kev 1971 202 3 ns it 206 pb 12 207 pb n 11 n 15 actinium d 82 125 206 9758968 12 1927 observationally stable n 16 1 2 0 221 50 0 0035 0 2351 11 207m1 pb 1633 356 4 kev 1954 806 5 ms it 207 pb 13 2 207m2 pb 8834 6 6 kev 2025 1 46 10 ms it 207 pb 39 2 208 pb n 17 thorium d 82 126 207 9766520 12 1927 observationally stable n 18 0 0 524 70 0 0338 0 9775 11 208m pb 4895 23 5 kev 1989 535 35 ns it 208 pb 10 209 pb 82 127 208 9810900 19 1940 3 235 5 h β 209 bi 9 2 trace n 19 210 pb radium d radiolead radio lead 82 128 209 9841884 16 1900 22 20 22 y β 100 210 bi 0 trace n 20 α 1 9 10 6 206 hg 210m1 pb 1194 61 18 kev 2018 92 10 ns it 210 pb 6 210m2 pb 1274 8 3 kev 1980 201 17 ns it 210 pb 8 211 pb actinium b 82 129 210 9887353 24 1904 36 1628 25 min β 211 bi 9 2 trace n 21 211m pb 1719 23 kev 2011 159 28 ns it 211 pb 27 2 212 pb thorium b 82 130 211 9918959 20 1900 10 627 6 h β 212 bi 0 trace n 22 212m pb 1335 2 kev 1998 6 0 8 μs it 212 pb 8 213 pb 82 131 212 9965608 75 1964 10 2 3 min β 213 bi 9 2 trace n 19 213m pb 1331 0 17 kev 2021 260 20 ns it 213 pb 21 2 214 pb radium b 82 132 213 9998035 21 1904 27 06 7 min β 214 bi 0 trace n 20 214m pb 1420 20 kev 2012 6 2 3 μs it 214 pb 8 215 pb 82 133 215 004662 57 1998 142 11 s β 215 bi 9 2 216 pb 82 134 216 00806 22 2010 1 66 20 min β 216 bi 0 216m pb 1514 20 kev 2012 400 40 ns it 216 pb 8 217 pb 82 135 217 01316 32 2010 19 9 53 s β 217 bi 9 2 218 pb 82 136 218 01678 32 2010 14 8 68 s β 218 bi 0 219 pb 82 137 219 02214 43 2010 3 s 300 ns β 219 bi 11 2 220 pb 82 138 220 02591 43 2010 1 s 300 ns β 220 bi 0 this table header footer view m pb excited nuclear isomer uncertainty 1 σ is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits atomic mass marked value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data but at least partly from trends from the mass surface tms modes of decay ec electron capture it isomeric transition bold italics symbol as daughter daughter product is nearly stable bold symbol as daughter daughter product is stable spin value indicates spin with weak assignment arguments 1 2 values marked are not purely derived from experimental data but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides tnn 1 2 order of ground state and isomer is uncertain only published in a conference proceeding and not a refereed journal 1 2 3 used in lead lead dating believed to undergo α decay to 200 hg with a half life over 1 4 10 20 years the theoretical lifetime is around 10 35 37 years 10 final decay product of 4n 2 decay chain the radium or uranium series believed to undergo α decay to 202 hg with a half life over 2 5 10 21 years the theoretical lifetime is 10 65 68 years 10 final decay product of 4n 3 decay chain the actinium series believed to undergo α decay to 203 hg with a half life over 1 9 10 21 years the theoretical lifetime is 10 152 189 years 10 heaviest observationally stable nuclide final decay product of 4n decay chain the thorium series believed to undergo α decay to 204 hg with a half life over 2 6 10 21 years the theoretical lifetime is 10 124 132 years 10 1 2 intermediate decay product of 237 np 1 2 intermediate decay product of 238 u intermediate decay product of 235 u intermediate decay product of 232 th lead 206 edit see also decay chain 206 pb is the final step in the decay chain of 238 u the radium series or uranium series in a closed system over time a given mass of 238 u will decay in a sequence of steps culminating in 206 pb the production of intermediate products eventually reaches an equilibrium though this takes a long time as the half life of 234 u is 245 500 years once this stabilized system is reached the ratio of 238 u to 206 pb will steadily decrease while the ratios of the other intermediate products to each other remain constant like most radioisotopes found in the radium series 206 pb was initially named as a variation of radium specifically radium g it is the decay product of both 210 po historically called radium f by alpha decay and the much rarer 206 tl radium e ii by beta decay lead 206 has been proposed for use in fast breeder nuclear fission reactor coolant over the use of natural lead mixture which also includes other stable lead isotopes as a mechanism to improve neutron economy and greatly suppress unwanted production of highly radioactive byproducts 13 lead 204 207 and 208 edit 204 pb is entirely primordial and is thus useful for estimating the fraction of the other lead isotopes in a given sample that are also primordial since the relative fractions of the various primordial lead isotopes is constant everywhere 14 any excess lead 206 207 and 208 is thus assumed to be radiogenic in origin 14 allowing various uranium and thorium dating schemes to be used to estimate the age of rocks time since their formation based on the relative abundance of lead 204 to other isotopes 207 pb is the end of the actinium series from 235 u 208 pb is the end of the thorium series from 232 th while it only makes up approximately half of the composition of lead in most places on earth it can be found naturally enriched up to around 90 in thorium ores 15 208 pb is the heaviest known stable nuclide and also the heaviest known doubly magic nucleus as z 82 and n 126 correspond to closed nuclear shells 16 as a consequence of this particularly stable configuration its neutron capture cross section is very low even lower than that of deuterium in the thermal spectrum making it of interest for lead cooled fast reactors in 2025 a published study suggested that the nucleus of 208 pb is not perfectly spherical as previously believed but rather is a prolate spheroid more commonly described as the shape of a rugby ball 17 lead 210 edit lead 210 210 pb is a radiogenic isotope of lead found in the decay chain of uranium 238 it is a beta emitter with a half life of 22 20 years in addition to dating recent sediments 210 pb is widely applied for studying soil erosion and sedimentation dynamics in agricultural and natural environments the unsupported or excess component 210 pb ex derived from atmospheric fallout of radon 222 decay products accumulates in surface soils and decays with a half life of 22 3 years its depth dependent activity profile enables reconstruction of soil redistribution over the past century because 210 pb deposition is continuous and globally widespread the method provides a long term perspective that complements the medium term records obtained from anthropogenic radionuclides such as 137 cs it has been used to quantify erosion and deposition rates assess land degradation and evaluate soil conservation practices offering valuable data for geomorphic and environmental research 18 the radiation emitted by lead 210 can cause issues for some particle physics experiments which has resulted in the use of ancient roman lead in such applications where the lead 210 has had time to decay to far lower levels 19 lead 212 edit lead 212 212 pb is a radioactive isotope of lead that has gained significant attention in nuclear medicine particularly in targeted alpha therapy tat 20 this isotope is part of the thorium decay series and serves as an important intermediate in various radioactive decay chains 21 212 pb is produced through the decay of radon 220 220 rn an intermediate product of thorium 228 228 th decay 20 it undergoes radioactive decay through beta emission to form bismuth 212 212 bi which further decays to emit alpha particles 22 this decay chain is particularly important in medical applications as it is an in vivo generator system of alpha particles that can be utilized for therapeutic purposes particularly tat by delivering potent localized radiation to cancer cells the isotope is part of the thorium decay series which begins with natural thorium 232 its beta decay 10 627 hours results in the formation of bismuth 212 212 bi which then emits alpha particles 6 1 mev crucial for the effectiveness of tat in cancer treatment 23 while in aqueous solutions free pb 2 tends to hydrolyze under physiological ph conditions to form species like pb oh which can impact its biodistribution if not properly chelated 24 chelator modified complexes have demonstrated high stability in saline and serum environments for extended periods e g 24 72 hours which is critical for therapeutic applications 25 lead 212 can be synthesized through several methods with generator based production utilizing the decay of 228 th being the most common this includes direct extraction from 228 th 224 ra 212 pb generators and 220 rn based generation each of these methods has its own advantages and complexities these various production routes cater to different industrial needs and regulatory considerations in the field of radioisotope production 23 see also edit daughter products other than lead isotopes of bismuth isotopes of thallium isotopes of mercury references edit 1 2 3 4 5 kondev f g wang m huang w j naimi s audi g 2021 the nubase2020 evaluation of nuclear properties pdf chinese physics c 45 3 030001 doi 10 1088 1674 1137 abddae 1 2 standard atomic weights lead ciaaw 2020 prohaska thomas irrgeher johanna benefield jacqueline böhlke john k chesson l...
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