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ystem access restrictions to limit process capabilities 45 to reduce the risk of a vulnerability or misconfiguration allowing privilege escalation many programs have been written or adapted to make use of privilege separation privilege revocation and chrooting privilege separation is a technique pioneered on openbsd and inspired by the principle of least privilege where a program is split into two or more parts one of which performs privileged operations and the other almost always the bulk of the code runs without privilege 46 privilege revocation is similar and involves a program performing any necessary operations with the privileges it starts with then dropping them chrooting involves restricting an application to one section of the file system prohibiting it from accessing areas that contain private or system files developers have applied these enhancements to openbsd versions of many common applications such as tcpdump file tmux smtpd and syslogd 47 openbsd developers were instrumental in the creation and development of openssh aka openbsd secure shell which is developed in the openbsd cvs repositories openbsd secure shell is based on the original ssh 48 it first appeared in openbsd 2 6 and is now by far the most popular ssh client and server available on many operating systems 49 the project has a policy of continually auditing source code for problems work that developer marc espie has described as never finished more a question of process than of a specific bug being hunted he went on to list several typical steps once a bug is found including examining the entire source tree for the same and similar issues try ing to find out whether the documentation ought to be amended and investigating whether it s possible to augment the compiler to warn against this specific problem 50 security record edit the openbsd website features a prominent reference to the system s security record until june 2002 it read five years without a remote hole in the default install in june 2002 mark dowd of internet security systems disclosed a bug in the openssh code implementing challenge response authentication 51 this vulnerability in the openbsd default installation allowed an attacker remote access to the root account which was extremely serious not only to openbsd but also to the large number of other operating systems that were using openssh by that time 52 this problem necessitated the adjustment of the slogan on the openbsd website to one remote hole in the default install in nearly 6 years the quote remained unchanged as time passed until on 13 march 2007 when alfredo ortega of core security technologies disclosed a network related remote vulnerability 53 the quote was subsequently changed to only two remote holes in the default install in a heck of a long time this statement has been criticized because the default install contains few running services and many use cases require additional services 54 also because the ports tree contains unaudited third party software it is easy for users to compromise security by installing or improperly configuring packages however the project maintains that the slogan is intended to refer to a default install and that it is correct by that measure one of the fundamental ideas behind openbsd is a drive for systems to be simple clean and secure by default the default install is quite minimal which the project states is to ensure novice users do not need to become security experts overnight 55 which fits with open source and code auditing practices considered important elements of a security system 56 additional services are to be enabled manually to make users think of the security implications first alleged backdoor edit on 11 december 2010 gregory perry a former technical consultant for the federal bureau of investigation fbi emailed de raadt alleging that the fbi had paid some openbsd ex developers 10 years prior to insert backdoors into the openbsd cryptographic framework de raadt made the email public on 14 december by forwarding it to the openbsd tech mailing list and suggested an audit of the ipsec codebase 57 58 de raadt s response was skeptical of the report and he invited all developers to independently review the relevant code in the weeks that followed bugs were fixed but no evidence of backdoors was found 59 de raadt stated i believe that netsec was probably contracted to write backdoors as alleged if those were written i don t believe they made it into our tree they might have been deployed as their own product 60 criticisms edit in december 2017 ilja van sprundel director at ioactive gave a talk at the ccc 61 as well as def con 62 entitled are all bsds created equally a survey of bsd kernel vulnerabilities in which he stated that although openbsd was the clear winner of the bsds in terms of security bugs are still easy to find in those kernels even in openbsd two years later in 2019 julien voisin 63 a developer who is cited in discovering many cve documented exploits 64 gave a talk named a systematic evaluation of openbsd s mitigations 65 at the ccc while admitting openbsd has some effective mitigations he alleged a significant number were useless at best and based on pure luck and superstition 66 subprojects edit many open source projects started as components of openbsd including bioctl a generic raid management interface similar to ifconfig carp a free alternative to cisco s patented hsrp vrrp redundancy protocols cwm a stacking window manager doas a replacement for sudo openbsd httpd 67 68 an implementation of httpd game of trees an implementation of git s formats and protocols 69 hw sensors a sensors framework used by over 100 drivers libressl an implementation of the ssl and tls protocols forked from openssl 1 0 1g 70 mandoc a utility used for formatting man pages openbgpd an implementation of bgp 4 71 openiked an implementation of ikev2 72 openntpd a simpler alternative to ntp org s ntp daemon 73 openospfd an implementation of ospf 71 opensmtpd an smtp daemon with ipv4 ipv6 pam maildir and virtual domains support 74 openssh an implementation of ssh 75 pf an ipv4 ipv6 stateful firewall with nat pat qos and traffic normalization support pfsync a firewall state synchronization protocol for pf with high availability support using carp rpki client implementation of the resource public key infrastructure rpki for relying parties rp to facilitate validation of bgp announcements 76 sndio a compact audio and midi framework spamd a spam filter with greylisting support designed to inter operate with pf xenocara a customized x org build infrastructure 30 some subsystems have been integrated into other bsd operating systems 77 78 79 and many are available as packages for use in other unix like systems 80 81 82 the calgary internet exchange was formed in 2012 in part to serve the needs of the openbsd project 83 in 2017 isotop 84 a french project aiming to adapt openbsd to desktops and laptops using xfce then dwm started to be developed 85 third party components edit openbsd includes a number of third party components many with openbsd specific patches 34 such as x org clang 86 the default compiler on several architectures gcc 43 note 3 perl nsd unbound ncurses gnu binutils gdb and awk development edit openbsd developers at c2k1 hackathon at mit june 2001 development is continuous and team management is open and tiered anyone with appropriate skills may contribute with commit rights being awarded on merit and de raadt acting as coordinator 32 xxxv two official releases are made per year with the version number incremented by 0 1 87 and these are each supported for twelve months two release cycles 88 snapshot releases are also available at frequent intervals maintenance patches for supported releases may be applied using syspatch manually or by updating the system against the patch branch of the cvs source repository for that release 89 alternatively a system administrator may opt to upgrade to the next snapshot release using sysupgrade or by using the current branch of the cvs repository in order to gain pre release access to recently added features the sysupgrade tool can also upgrade to the latest stable release version the generic openbsd kernel provided by default is strongly recommended for end users in contrast to operating systems that recommend user kernel customization 90 packages outside the base system are maintained by cvs through a ports tree and are the responsibility of the individual maintainers known as porters as well as keeping the current branch up to date porters are expected to apply appropriate bug fixes and maintenance fixes to branches of their packages for openbsd s supported releases ports are generally not subject to the same continuous auditing as the base system due to lack of manpower binary packages are built centrally from the ports tree for each architecture this process is applied for the current version for each supported release and for each snapshot administrators are recommended to use the package mechanism rather than build the package from the ports tree unless they need to perform their own source changes openbsd s developers regularly meet at special events called hackathons 91 where they sit down and code emphasizing productivity 92 most new releases include a song 93 open source and open documentation edit openbsd is known for its high quality documentation 94 95 when openbsd was created de raadt decided that the source code should be available for anyone to read at the time a small team of developers generally had access to a project s source code 96 chuck cranor 97 and de raadt concluded this practice was counter to the open source philosophy and inconvenient to potential contributors together cranor and de raadt set up the first public anonymous revision control system server de raadt s decision allowed users to take a more active role and established the project s commitment to open access 96 openbsd is notable for its continued use of cvs more precisely an unreleased openbsd managed fork named opencvs that was stated opencvs released soon in 2005 98 and in 2025 opencvs is to be released soon 99 though openbsd also has a webpage that describes opencvs 100 when most other projects that used it have migrated to other systems 101 openbsd does not include closed source binary drivers in the source tree nor does it include code requiring the signing of non disclosure agreements 102 since openbsd is based in canada no united states export restrictions on cryptography apply allowing the distribution to make full use of modern algorithms for encryption for example the swap space is divided into small sections and each section is encrypted with its own key ensuring that sensitive data does not leak into an insecure part of the system 18 openbsd randomizes various behaviors of applications making them less predictable and thus more difficult to attack for example pids are created and associated randomly to processes the bind system call uses random port numbers files are created with random inode numbers and ip datagrams have random identifiers 103 this approach also helps expose bugs in the kernel and in user space programs the openbsd policy on openness extends to hardware documentation in the slides for a december 2006 presentation de raadt explained that without it developers often make mistakes writing drivers and pointed out that the oh my god i got it to work rush is harder to achieve and some developers just give up 104 he went on to say that vendor supplied binary drivers are unacceptable for inclusion in openbsd that they have no trust of vendor binaries running in our kernel and that there is no way to fix them when they break 104 closed source and proprietary code edit in an interview with jeremy andrews after being asked what is it about binary firmware that you re willing to ship it versus binary blobs how can you trust the firmware binary to do what it should do and what if the firmware has a bug theo de raadt in part stated quite honestly i prefer chips which have no firmware and instead use correctly designed hardware logic which our driver must then drive and but in the end if we wish to support any such devices we must be practical we must accept the risk that there is a flaw in the firmware 87 openbsd s github mirror has licenses for firmware that forbids use in non ti devices 105 forbid reverse engineering decompilation or disassembly of some software 106 107 108 firmware that is only allowed to be redistributed in object code only 109 has no copyright notice in the original file 110 or where openbsd developers believe the original license on the source did specifically allow re distribution 111 according to the gnu project openbsd includes small blobs of proprietary object code as device firmware or loaded by freely licensed drivers 112 licensing edit see also comparison of free and open source software licenses and free software license openbsd maintains a strict license policy 3 preferring the isc license and other variants of the bsd license the project attempts to maintain the spirit of the original berkeley unix copyrights which permitted a relatively un encumbered unix source distribution 3 the widely used apache license and gnu general public license are considered overly restrictive 113 in june 2001 triggered by concerns over darren reed s modification of ipfilter s license wording a systematic license audit of the openbsd ports and source trees was undertaken 114 code in more than a hundred files throughout the system was found to be unlicensed ambiguously licensed or in use against the terms of the license to ensure that all licenses were properly adhered to an attempt was made to contact all the relevant copyright holders some pieces of code were removed many were replaced and others such as the multicast routing tools mrinfo and map mbone were relicensed so that openbsd could continue to use them 115 116 also removed during this audit was all software produced by daniel j bernstein at the time bernstein requested that all modified versions of his code be approved by him prior to redistribution a requirement to which openbsd developers were unwilling to devote time or effort 117 118 119 because of licensing concerns the openbsd team has reimplemented software from scratch or adopted suitable existing software for example openbsd developers created the pf packet filter after unacceptable restrictions were imposed on ipfilter pf first appeared in openbsd 3 0 120 and is now available in many other operating systems 121 openbsd developers have also replaced gpl licensed tools such as cvs and pkg config with permissively licensed equivalents 122 123 funding edit although the operating system and its portable components are used in commercial products de raadt says that little of the funding for the project comes from the industry traditionally all our funding has come from user donations and users buying our cd...
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