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n space bioastronautics space suit extravehicular activity overview effect weightlessness space toilet space tourism space colonization space diving programs vostok mercury voskhod gemini soyuz apollo skylab apollo soyuz space shuttle mir shuttle mir international space station shenzhou tiangong new shepard artemis health issues effect of spaceflight on the human body space adaptation syndrome health threat from cosmic rays space psychology psychological and sociological effects space and survival space medicine space nursing space sexology spacecraft launch vehicle rocket space capsule orbital module reentry capsule service module spaceplane robotic spacecraft satellite space probe lander rover self replicating spacecraft space telescope spacecraft propulsion rocket engine electric propulsion propellantless propulsion solar sail gravity assist destinations sub orbital orbital geocentric geosynchronous interplanetary interstellar intergalactic space launch direct ascent escape velocity expendable and reusable launch systems launch pad non rocket spacelaunch spaceport ground segment flight controller ground station pass mission control center category portal v t e cargo spacecraft earth orbit active cygnus cargo dragon 2 progress tianzhou htv x qingzhou in development dream chaser haolong nyx vortex retired atv dragon 1 tks htv kounotori proposed tgk pg soyuz gvk argo rfa argo mtks cancelled andrews cargo module arctus jupiter kistler k 1 s 550 omv lunar orbit in development dragon xl lunar surface in development argonaut blue moon starship programs nasa commercial orbital transportation services commercial resupply services gateway logistics services esa leo cargo return service comparison of space station cargo vehicles v t e mobile robots and uncrewed vehicles aerial unmanned aerial vehicle uav unmanned combat air vehicle ucav aerobot helicam list of unmanned aerial vehicle applications ornithopter ground walking humanoid android hexapod list other unmanned ground vehicle ugv automated guided vehicle agv self driving car automatic train operation ato list underwater unmanned underwater vehicle uuv autonomous underwater vehicle auv intervention auv i auv remotely operated underwater vehicle rouv underwater glider surface unmanned surface vehicle usv space uncrewed spacecraft list of probes list by program list of orbiters cargo spacecraft spaceflights to the iss space telescope list other domestic military rescue medical disability agricultural beam robotics microbotics nanorobotics robotics robot locomotion autonomous robot autonomous logistics radio controlled model remote control vehicle remote control animal categories radio control unmanned vehicles v t e spaceflight lists and timelines timeline of spaceflight general space exploration outline timeline spacecraft spaceflight records space race rocket and missile technology human spaceflight general crewed spacecraft timeline by program cargo spacecraft spaceflights 1961 1970 1971 1980 1981 1990 1991 2000 2001 2010 2011 2020 2021 present soviet russian vostok and voskhod soyuz mercury gemini apollo skylab shenzhou gaganyaan spacelab artemis civilian spaceflight orbital suborbital salyut expeditions spaceflights crewed uncrewed spacewalks visitors mir expeditions esa spaceflights crewed uncrewed spacewalks visitors iss expeditions esa visiting spaceflights crewed uncrewed spacewalks visitors deployed tiangong expeditions crewed spaceflights spacewalks shuttle crews missions rollbacks people astronauts by name by year of selection apollo gemini mercury african american arab asian chinese cosmonauts european ibero america indian muslim women space scientists space travelers by name by first flight by nationality billionaires timeline by nationality spaceflight related human fatalities eva 1965 1999 2000 2014 2015 2024 2025 present cumulative spacewalk records longest spacewalks spacewalkers solar system exploration timeline interplanetary voyages landings on other planets rovers artificial objects objects at lagrange points probes active future orbiters leaving the solar system lunar probes missions to the moon timeline of satellites sample return mission mars earth orbiting satellites communications satellite firsts cubesats pocketqube earth observation satellites timeline of first earth observation satellites geosynchronous orbit goes gps kosmos nro sentinel tdrs usa by country asia india philippines turkey cee albania bulgaria czechia poland slovakia slovenia ukraine americas brazil vehicles orbital launch systems comparison sounding rocket list spacecraft uncrewed crewed heaviest upper stages sounding rocket small lift launch vehicle medium lift launch vehicle heavy lift launch vehicle super heavy lift launch vehicle launches by rocket type ariane antares atlas atlas lv3b atlas lv3c black brant delta dm 19 delta 1 delta ii delta iii delta iv heavy delta iv medium delta iv electron firefly alpha falcon 9 and heavy 2010 2019 2020 2022 2023 gslv h ii kosmos long march minotaur new glenn proton pslv r 7 including semyorka molniya vostok voskhod and soyuz scout sls starship thor and delta thor agena thor dm 18 able thor dm 18 agena a thor dm 18 thor dm 21 agena b titan tsyklon v 2 tests vega vulcan zenit launches by spaceport satish dhawan agencies companies and facilities communications satellite companies comparison private spaceflight companies rocket launch sites space agencies spacecraft manufacturers other mission lists and timelines first orbital launches by country first satellites by country esa missions nasa missions constellation missions timeline of first images of earth from space timeline of longest spaceflights timeline of private spaceflight v t e nasa policy and history history creation naca 1915 national aeronautics and space act 1958 space task group 1958 paine 1986 rogers 1986 ride 1987 space exploration initiative 1989 augustine 1990 u s national space policy 1996 cfusai 2002 caib 2003 vision for space exploration 2004 aldridge 2004 augustine 2009 general space race administrator and deputy administrator chief scientist astronaut corps ranks and positions chief budget nasa research spinoff technologies nasa nasa tv nasa social launch services program mercury control center manned space flight network kennedy space center vehicle assembly building launch complex 39 39a 39b launch complex 48 launch control center operations and checkout building johnson space center mission control lunar sample laboratory science mission directorate human spaceflight programs past x 15 suborbital mercury gemini apollo skylab apollo soyuz with the soviet space program space shuttle shuttle mir with roscosmos constellation current international space station commercial orbital transportation services commercial crew orion artemis robotic programs past hitchhiker mariner mariner mark ii mesur mars surveyor 98 new millennium lunar orbiter pioneer planetary observer ranger surveyor viking project prometheus mars exploration mars exploration rover current living with a star lunar precursor robotic program earth observing system great observatories program explorers voyager discovery new frontiers solar terrestrial probes commercial lunar payload services simplex individual featured missions human and robotic past apollo 11 artemis ii cobe mercury 3 mercury atlas 6 magellan pioneer 10 pioneer 11 galileo timeline galex grail wmap space shuttle spitzer space telescope sojourner rover spirit rover ladee messenger aquarius cassini dawn kepler space telescope opportunity rover timeline observed rhessi maven insight ingenuity helicopter flights currently operating mars reconnaissance orbiter 2001 mars odyssey new horizons international space station hubble space telescope chandra x ray observatory swift observatory themis curiosity rover timeline lunar reconnaissance orbiter sdo juno mars science laboratory timeline nustar voyager 1 voyager 2 mms osiris apex tess mars 2020 perseverance rover timeline james webb space telescope timeline pace europa clipper nisar nancy grace roman space telescope future davinci veritas communications and navigation near earth network space network deep space network goldstone madrid canberra space flight operations facility deep space atomic clock nasa lists astronauts by name by year gemini astronauts apollo astronauts space shuttle crews nasa aircraft nasa missions uncrewed missions apollo missions space shuttle missions united states rockets nasa cancellations nasa cameras on spacecraft nasa images and artwork earthrise the blue marble family portrait pale blue dot pillars of creation mystic mountain solar system family portrait the day the earth smiled hello world earthset fallen astronaut deep fields lunar plaques pioneer plaques voyager golden record apollo 11 goodwill messages nasa insignia gemini and apollo medallions mission patches astronomy picture of the day hubble space telescope anniversary images related we choose to go to the moon one small step apollo 8 genesis reading apollo 15 postal covers incident apollo lunar module space mirror memorial the astronaut monument lunar sample displays moon rocks stolen or missing u s astronaut hall of fame space program on u s stamps apollo 17 moon mice moon tree other primates in space nasa exoplanet archive nasa international space apps challenge astronauts day national astronaut day nikon nasa f4 category v t e soviet and russian space program roscosmos launch sites baikonur cosmodrome in kazakhstan dombarovsky kapustin yar plesetsk cosmodrome svobodny cosmodrome defunct vostochny cosmodrome launch vehicles angara proton soyuz human spaceflight programs past vostok voskhod salyut almaz incorporated into salyut program tks soyuz apollo joint mir shuttle mir joint energia buran cancelled zond 7k l1 moon flyby soviet crewed lunar programs moon landing zvezda moonbase tmk mars venus flyby spiral zvezda zarya maks kliper active international space station joint russian orbital segment soyuz in development orel robotic programs past dnepropetrovsk sputnik 1961 1982 prognoz 1972 1996 luna 1958 1976 venera 1961 1985 zond 1964 1970 astron 1983 1991 vega 1984 1987 phobos failed 1988 1989 granat 1989 1998 gamma 1990 1992 mars 96 failed 1996 resurs dk no 1 2006 2016 coronas 1994 2009 fobos grunt failed 2011 spektr r 2011 2019 luna 25 failed 2023 cancelled kazachok active arktika m bion m elektro l trace gas orbiter joint meteor m resurs p spektr rg in development luna glob luna 26 luna 27 luna 28 spektr uv communications sputnik begun 1957 sputnik 1 sputnik 2 sputnik 3 sputnik 41 sputnik 99 luch deep space network concepts baikal angara laplace p mars grunt mercury p opsek spektr m venera d rassvet sfera images and artwork mission patches related list of cosmonauts cosmonaut ranks and positions pilot cosmonaut of the russian federation soviet space dogs laika belka and strelka veterok and ugolyok ivan ivanovich soviet space exploration history on soviet stamps cosmonauts alley monument to the conquerors of space memorial museum of cosmonautics cosmonautics day yuri s night international day of human space flight out of the present 1995 documentary mission to mir 1997 documentary see also space industry of russia russian aerospace defence forces v t e solar system sun mercury venus earth mars ceres jupiter saturn uranus neptune orcus pluto haumea quaoar makemake gonggong eris sedna planets dwarfs minors terrestrials mercury venus earth mars giants gas jupiter saturn ice uranus neptune dwarfs ceres orcus pluto haumea quaoar makemake gonggong eris sedna large minor planets vesta pallas hygiea salacia máni achlys aya chiminigagua varda ixion moons earth moon claimed mars phobos deimos jupiter ganymede callisto io europa all 115 saturn titan rhea iapetus dione tethys enceladus mimas hyperion phoebe all 293 uranus titania oberon umbriel ariel miranda all 29 neptune triton proteus nereid all 16 pluto charon nix hydra kerberos styx orcus vanth haumea hiʻiaka namaka quaoar weywot makemake s 2015 136472 1 gonggong xiangliu eris dysnomia rings planetary terran jovian saturnian rhean uranian neptunian minor objects charikloan chironean haumean quaoarian exploration outline discovery models historical timeline space probes timeline list human spaceflight list space stations programs colonization mercury venus moon mining mars asteroids mining comets jupiter saturn uranus neptune pluto deep space sample return curation lists comets possible dwarf planets gravitationally rounded objects minor planets natural satellites geological features craters objects by size by discovery date extremes largest lakes and seas most distant greatest aphelion tallest mountains largest rifts canyons and valleys largest craters hypothetical objects chiron coatlicue counter earth chrysalis fifth giant mercury s moon neith nemesis nibiru phaeton planets beyond neptune planet nine effects tyche planet v subsatellites theia themis vulcan vulcanoids proposed in religion astrology ufology and pseudoscience formation evolution contents and history history of hypotheses capture of triton circumplanetary disk co orbital configuration disk instability exozodiacal dust extraterrestrial materials frost line giant impact hypothesis grand tack hypothesis gravitational collapse hills cloud hill sphere interplanetary dust cloud interplanetary medium kuiper belt late heavy bombardment nebular hypothesis nice model nice 2 model five planet nice model oort cloud oort limit outer space planet disrupted migration system planetesimal protoplanetary disk definition iau roche limit rubble pile scattered disc heliosphere small solar system bodies asteroids asteroid belt active families pha exceptional kirkwood gap spectral types quasi satellite comets dark comet great extinct meteoroids minor planets moons names and meanings designation planetary orbit crossers mercury venus earth mars jupiter trojans venus earth mars jupiter trojan camp greek camp saturn uranus neptune near earth objects amors apollos atens atiras distant minor planet centaurs damocloids trans neptunian objects resonant kbos plutinos extreme trans neptunian objects detached objects sednoids related double planet lagrange point moonlet syzygy tidal locking opposition ecliptic occultation eclipse astronomy in fiction fictional planets outline of the solar system solar system portal astronomy portal earth sciences portal solar system local interstellar cloud local bubble gould belt orion arm milky way milky way subgroup local group local sheet local volume virgo supercluster laniakea supercluster pisces cetus supercluster complex local hole observable universe universe each arrow may be read as within or part of v t e robotics main articles outline glossary index history geography hall of fame ethics laws competitions ai competitions types aerobot anthropomorphic humanoid android cyborg gynoid claytronics companion automaton animatronic audio animatronics 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