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184 the ijm receives over 900 000 from the u s government 185 the organization has two methods for rescuing victims brothel raids in cooperation with local police and buy bust operations in which undercover agencies pretend to purchase sex services from an underage girl after the raid and rescue the women are sent to rehabilitation programs run by ngos such as churches or the government citation needed there are also survivor led organizations that provide services to victims of exploitation and trafficking including treasures founded by harmony dust grillo in 2003 and gems founded by rachel lloyd in 1998 there are also national non governmental organizations working on the issue of human trafficking including sex trafficking in kenya for example awareness against human trafficking haart works on ending all human trafficking in the country 186 haart has also participated in the unanima international stop the demand campaign 187 in india j walter thompson amsterdam has opened a school called school for justice here survivors of sex trafficking are educated to become lawyers the entire program is expected to take five to six years for each girl to complete the women will graduate with law degrees with a special focus on commercial sexual exploitation cases jwt hopes that one day they may become prosecutors or even judges empowered to combat the criminals who once exploited and abused them 188 ngos often have the best of intentions when combating sex trafficking ngos are often funded by the west and are implemented in countries that have a very different culture research shows that employees of the western ngos are slow to adapt to the culture of the community they are providing services to this often leads to a disconnect between the ngo and the community employees of ngos hold the responsibility of relaying the narrative of sex trafficked people this can create a hierarchical structure that makes the voice of western ngos as more legitimate than the voice of the people they are serving thus reinforcing the essentialized notion of third world women as backwards and other 177 189 190 japan is a popular place for sex trafficking japan has a long history with the trade of women for sex for a good part of the country s history sex work was legal in japan this makes it difficult for the government to decipher between legal sex work and illegal prostitution this is where ngos step in to assist the government ngos provide services in countries where the government policies are failing to combat a specific issue however in japan it is difficult for ngos focused on issues with women to receive local funding this weak political support makes the work for ngos in japan much more difficult japan s lack of support for women s rights shows why the role of ngos is so important in that country 191 campaigns and initiatives edit public information campaigns are defined as a government directed and sponsored effort to communicate to the public or a segment of the public in order to achieve a policy result 189 192 in the past ten years spain has seen a surge of sex trafficking in light of this crisis social movements organizations and government institutions have enacted policies like the second national plan against sex trafficking and anti trafficking laws campaigns to fight against sex trafficking in spain between 2008 and 2017 have been examined by researchers their research showed that many campaigns focus on the narrative of the victim as vulnerable and weak rather than focusing on the actual crime of sex trafficking and the economic system that allows it to flourish according to the research these narratives disempower sex trafficked people through repeated language of vulnerability and innocence the researchers explain that the lack of information provided in these campaigns hinders their success campaigns will throw out huge numbers of women exploited into sex work but gives no context to the system that allows sex trafficking to flourish 193 in 1994 global alliance against traffic in women was established to combat trafficking in women on any grounds it is an alliance of more than 100 non governmental organizations from africa asia europe latin america the caribbean and north america 194 the popular tv channel mtv started a campaign to combat sex trafficking the initiative called mtv exit end exploitation and trafficking is a multimedia initiative produced by mtv exit foundation formerly known as the mtv europe foundation to raise awareness and increase prevention of human trafficking 195 196 another campaign is the a21 campaign abolishing injustice in the 21st century which focuses on addressing human trafficking through a holistic approach 197 they provide potential victims with the education and valuable information on how to best reduce their likelihood of being trafficked through strategies that reduce their vulnerability the organization also provides safe environments for victims and runs restoration programs in their aftercare facilities 197 in addition they provide legal council and representation to victims so they can prosecute their traffickers another key component of the campaign is to help influence legislation to enact more comprehensive laws that place more traffickers in prison 197 the vast majority of victims who received assistance were from the netherlands and the number of victims served increased by 42 percent from 2012 the campaign allocates the majority of their funds to providing victims health and nutritional care and education not for sale provides a safe shelter for victims and empowers them with life skills and job training 198 this helps trafficked individuals re enter into the workforce through a dignified form of work in the organization s 2013 annual impact report it was determined that 75 percent of the victims had been sexually exploited 199 while globalization fostered new technologies that may exacerbate sex trafficking technology can also be used to assist law enforcement and anti trafficking efforts a study was done on online classified ads surrounding the super bowl a number of reports have noticed increase in sex trafficking during previous years of the super bowl 200 for the 2011 super bowl held in dallas texas the backpage website for the dallas area experienced a 136 percent increase on the number of posts in the adult section that sunday typically sundays were known to be the day of the week with the lowest number of posts in the adult section researchers analyzed the most salient terms in these online ads and found that most commonly used words suggested that many escorts were traveling across state lines to dallas specifically for the super bowl also the self reported ages were higher than usual which conveys that an older population of sex workers were drawn to the event but since these are self reported the data is not reliable despite a lot of media hype about a supposed spike in sex trafficking surrounding the super bowl academics and anti trafficking campaigners have said this is largely a myth they say that while the commercial sex market does grow modestly during large events sex trafficking is a year round problem 201 202 twitter was another social networking platform studied for detecting sex trafficking digital tools can be used to narrow the pool of sex trafficking cases albeit imperfectly and with uncertainty 203 celebrity campaigns realmendontbuygirls edit scholars have examined how high profile anti trafficking campaigns circulated through western media reinforce gendered narratives about trafficking emphasizing a girl versus pimp dichotomy 204 the real men don t buy girls campaign launched by demi moore and ashton kutcher and amplified through western popular culture has received criticism since its release in 2010 intersectional scholars argue that the initiative portrays trafficking primarily as the exploitation of young girls by predatory men focusing on individual bad actors while overlooking the social and economic systems poverty labor market exploration immigration barriers and gender inequality that shape susceptibility to exploitation 204 critics also note that the campaign s language undermines survivor autonomy and reinforces narrow assumptions about victimhood the phrase real men ties morality to masculinity and the focus on victims as girls reinforces a gendered and infantilizing narrative thereby marginalizing adult male transgender and gender non conforming victims 205 206 through celebrity amplification and social media the campaign shapes public perception of trafficking influencing who is recognized as a victim and who receives attention or aid by circulating globally realmendontbuygirls reproduces western centric rescue narratives that reduce complex forms of exploitation to simplified stories of villains victims and saviors 204 these narratives often ignore local perspectives and analyses in countries where trafficking occurs including voluntary sex work and locally informed assessments of safety profitability and exploitation 204 end demand edit the term end demand refers to anti sex trafficking strategies that focus on the johns the sex buyers a common strategy is to make it a crime to buy sex whether consensual or not end demand is very popular in some countries including the united states and canada 207 in the 1990s for example specific media attention was paid to sex trafficking of women outside the united states the feminist reaction to this at the time was to not just call for social services for trafficked people but also for harsher punishments for johns proponents of the end demand strategy support initiatives such as john schools to rehabilitate the johns increased arrests of johns and public shaming e g billboards and websites that publicly name johns who were caught 207 208 209 john schools were pioneered in san francisco in 1995 and now used in many cities across the u s as well as other countries such as the uk and canada some compare john schools programs to driver s safety courses because first offenders can pay a fee to attend class es on the harms of prostitution and upon completion the charges against the john will be dropped another initiative in line with the end demand strategy is the cross country tour ignite the road to justice launched by the 2011 miss canada tara teng teng s initiative circulates a petition to end the demand for commercial sex that drives prostitution and sex trafficking end demand efforts also include large scale public awareness campaigns campaigns were started in sweden massachusetts rhode island and atlanta georgia massachusetts and rhode island also had legislative efforts that criminalized prostitution and increased end demand efforts by targeting johns 207 the atlanta campaign ran from 2006 to 2008 and was titled dear john it ran ads in local media reaching out to potential johns to discourage them from buying sex the ads mimicked a break up letter to john citation needed critics of the dear john campaign focus on the male demand aspect of the campaign and find that this style of campaign reinforces gendered racialized and sexualized assumptions about johns and trafficked women the historical discourse in the u s concerning johns is racially charged an example of this racialized nature is associated with the temptations of thai massage parlors despite these objections lawmakers have found this messaging morally compelling the campaign was run by locals of atlanta advocates for the campaign informed citizens through media that young women were the ones being arrested while the johns were not 193 contextual analysis research has shown the essentialized nature of the campaign the dear john campaign posters define women in terms of their relationship to sex they also only depict white girls in the images inferring that the only victims worth caring about are young white and innocent 193 there are no images of johns in the campaign posters a plausible explanation for this would be an effort by the campaign to widen the scope of the messaging and to avoid racial stereotypes conversely the racial stereotypes of trafficked girls is made clear this excludes a majority of victims who do not identify with the image that the poster conveys lawmakers in atlanta were fully behind the campaign as a statement to the public that they will not tolerate the purchasing of sex these public statements are in stark contrast to the actual amount of funding that the city gave to organizations who provide housing and services for victims the city did no research into the effectiveness of the campaign and therefore there is no data on its actual impact on the city it is also important to note that the campaign ads were only in english and many people are not familiar with the dear john reference lawmakers believe that the campaign was effective in bringing awareness to the issue and therefore shaped public opinion and policy 193 recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking edit the lack of conversation advocacy legal social support services and academic work around the sexual exploitation of men and boys can be traced to larger social discourses surrounding male sexuality dominance and behavior media representations of masculinity and sexual dominance contribute to the idea that men cannot be victims especially in regards to sex related crimes the lack of public knowledge and attention to male victimhood and vulnerability is strongly reflected in the quality of services and strength of legal frameworks available to male victims of sex trafficking 210 experts describe the perceived agency and resilience in young males to be a strong force in deterring male victims from seeking the support they need and discouraging male inclusive anti trafficking service and support networks from forming in the first place 211 within the spare support frameworks for male victims that do exist the specific vulnerabilities of different populations in different areas around the world regarding nationality and migration status sexual orientation drug use socio economic status health status family structure and more are often unaddressed leaving crucial groups needs unmet the double stigma that surrounds male victims of sex trafficking involving homosexuality and sex work more broadly makes it incredibly difficult for male victims to come forward and seek help or even to self organize some scholars report that male victims have also faced higher rates of police violence and brutality than female victims in regards to contact with law enforcement 212 criminalizing and legalizing prostitution edit laws regarding the purchase and sale of voluntary and involuntary sex vary greatly across the developed world their effects on sex trafficking are difficult to discern in the u s people who immigrate to the u s and have a role in sex trade are criminalized on the bases of if they are voluntarily or involuntarily 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