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for adding modifying deleting or retrieving a data object application generation automated tools are used to facilitate construction of the software even they use the 4th gl techniques testing and turn over many of the programming components have already been tested since rad emphasis reuse this reduces overall testing time but new components must be tested and all interfaces must be fully exercised advantage and disadvantages rad reduces the development time and reusability of components help to speed up development all functions are modularized so it is easy to work with for large projects rad require highly skilled engineers in the team both end customer and developer should be committed to complete the system in a much abbreviated time frame if commitment is lacking rad will fail rad is based on object oriented approach and if it is difficult to modularize the project the rad may not work well the traditional software development cycle follows a rigid sequence of steps with a formal sign off at the completion of each a complete detailed requirements analysis is done that attempts to capture the system requirements in a requirements specification users are forced to sign off on the specification before development proceeds to the next step this is followed by a complete system design and then development and testing but what if the design phase uncovers requirements that are technically unfeasible or extremely expensive to implement what if errors in the design are encountered during the build phase the elapsed time between the initial analysis and testing is usually a period of several months what if business requirements or priorities change or the users realize they overlooked critical needs during the analysis phase these are many of the reasons why software development projects either fail or don t meet the user s expectations when delivered rad is a methodology for compressing the analysis design build and test phases into a series of short iterative development cycles this has a number of distinct advantages over the traditional sequential development model rad projects are typically staffed with small integrated teams comprised of developers end users and it technical resources small teams combined with short iterative development cycles optimizes speed unity of vision and purpose effective informal communication and simple project management vi the v model the v model is sdlc model where execution of processes happens in a sequential manner in v shape it is also known as verification and validation model v model is an extension of the waterfall model and is based on association of a testing phase for each corresponding development stage this means that for every single phase in the development cycle there is a directly associated testing phase this is a highly disciplined model and next phase starts only after completion of the previous phase under v model the corresponding testing phase of the development phase is planned in parallel so there are verification phases on one side of the v and validation phases on the other side coding phase joins the two sides of the v model the below figure illustrates the different phases in v model of sdlc the left side of the model is software development life cycle sdlc the right side of the model is software test life cycle stlc the entire figure looks like a v hence the name v model different phases of software development cycle activities performed in each stage requirement gathering stage gather as much information as possible about the details specifications of the desired software from the client this is nothing but the requirements gathering stage design stage plan the programming language like java php net database like oracle mysql etc which would be suited for the project also some high level functions architecture built stage after design stage it is built stage that is nothing but actually code the software test stage next you test the software to verify that it is built as per the specifications given by the client deployment stage deploy the application in the respective environment maintenance stage once your system is ready to use you may require to change the code later on as per customer request apart from v model there are iterative development models where development is carried in phases with each phase adding a functionality to the software each phase comprises of its independent set of development and testing activities good examples of development lifecycles following iterative method are rapid application development agile development there are numerous development life cycle models development model selected for a project depends on the aims and goals of that project testing is not a stand alone activity and it has to adapt the development model chosen for the project in any model testing should performed at all levels i e right from requirements until maintenance process iteration change is inevitable in all large software projects the system requirements change as the business procuring the system responds to external pressures management priorities change as new technologies become available designs and implementation change this means that the software process is not a one off process rather the process activities are regularly repeated as the system is reworked in response to change requests two process models have been explicitly designed to support process iteration 1 incremental delivery the software specification design and implementation are broken down into a series of increments that are each developed in turn 2 spiral development the development of the system spirals outwards from an initial outline through to the final developed system the essence of iterative processes is that the specification is developed in conjunction with the software however this conflicts with the procurement model of many organizations where the complete system specification is part of the system development contract in the incremental approach there is no complete system specification until the final increment is specified this requires a new form of contract which large customers such as government agencies may find difficult to accommodate process activities the four basic process activities of specification development validation and evolution are organized differently in different development processes in the waterfall model they are organized in sequence whereas in evolutionary development they are interleaved how these activities are carried out depends on the type of software people and organizational structures involved 1 software specification a software requirement is defined as a condition to which a system must comply software specification or requirements management is the process of understanding and defining what functional and non functional requirements are required for the system and identifying the constraints on the system s operation and development the requirements engineering process results in the production of a software requirements document that is the specification for the system there are four main phases in the requirements engineering process feasibility study in this study an estimate is made of whether the identified user needs may be satisfied using current software and hardware technologies the study considers whether the proposed system will be cost effective from a business point of view and whether it can be developed within existing budgetary constraints requirements elicitation and analysis this is the process of deriving the system requirements through observation of existing systems discussions with potential users requirements workshop storyboarding etc requirements specification this is the activity of translating the information gathered during the analysis activity into a document that defines a set of requirements two types of requirements may be included in this document user functional requirements and system non functional requirements requirements validation it is determined whether the requirements defined are complete this activity also checks the requirements for consistency 2 software design and implementation the implementation phase of software development is the process of converting a system specification into an executable system through the design of system a software design is a description of the architecture of the software to be implemented the data which is part of the system the interfaces between system components and sometimes the algorithms used a contrasting approach can be used by structured methods for design objectives a structured method includes a design process model notations to represent the design report formats rules and design guidelines most these methods represent the system by graphical models and many cases can automatically generate program code from these models various competing methods to support object oriented design were proposed in the 1990s and these were unified to create the unified modeling language uml and the associated unified design process 3 software validation software validation or more generally verification and validation v v is intended to show that a system conforms to its specification and that the system meets the expectations of the customer buying the system it involves checking the processes at each stage of the software process the majority of validation costs are incurred after implementation when the operation of system is tested the software is tested in the usual three stage testing process the system components the integrated system and finally the entire system are tested component defects are generally discovered early in the process and the interface problems during the system integration the stages in the testing process are component or unit testing individual components are tested to ensure that they operate correctly each component is tested independently without other system components system testing the components are integrated to make up the system this testing process is concerned with finding errors that result from interactions between components and component interface problems it is also concerned with validating that the system meets its functional and non functional requirements acceptance testing it is considered a functional testing of system the system is tested with data supplied by the system customer usually component development and testing are interleaved programmers make up their own test data and test the code as it is developed however in many process model such as in v model test driven development extreme programming etc the design of the test cases starts before the implementation phase of development if an incremental approach to development is used each increment should be tested as it is developed with these tests based on the requirements for that increment 4 software evolution software evolution specifically software maintenance is the term used in software engineering to refer to the process of developing software initially then repeatedly updating it for various reasons the aim of software evolution would be to implement the possible major changes to the system the existing larger system is never complete and continues to evolve as it evolves the complexity of the system will grow the main objectives of software evolution are ensuring the reliability and flexibility of the system the costs of maintenance are often several times the initial development costs of software preceding unsigned comment added by 27 97 138 226 talk 17 55 10 april 2016 utc reply external links modified edit latest comment 9 years ago 1 comment 1 person in discussion hello fellow wikipedians i have just modified 3 external links on java software platform please take a moment to review my edit if you have any questions or need the bot to ignore the links or the page altogether please visit this simple faq for additional 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