Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
republicanism, in, and, republican, virtue, democracy, of, the, united, states, american, other, founding, fathers, contents, revolution, issues, constitution, history, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, patriotism, versus, commerce, as, party, name, motherhood, property, rights, equitable, distribution, wealth, national, debt, military, service, terminology, legal, rulings, south, slavery, jim, crow, women, suffrage, progressive, era, rise, 20th, century, slogan, republic, not, influences, opposition, to, majoritarian, tyranny, support, for, rule, majority,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (819), and (356), #american (122), that (98), #republican (95), republicanism (79), states (69), democracy (68), was (67), republic (65), revolution (61), party (61), united (59), for (55), political (53), history (49), government (47), new (45), from (41), rights (40), america (39), not (37), liberty (36), with (31), john (31), edit (31), war (29), their (29), constitution (28), they (28), national (27), jefferson (26), this (25), politics (25), state (25), madison (24), people (23), thomas (23), which (23), online (22), virtue (22), majority (22), were (22), court (21), right (21), federalist (20), corruption (20), other (19), washington (19), adams (19), law (19), but (19), property (19), retrieved (18), revolutionary (18), democratic (18), journal (18), ideology (18), interest (18), values (18), citizens (18), first (17), had (17), 2022 (17), have (17), foundation (16), military (16), william (16), century (16), james (16), conservative (16), society (15), york (15), congress (15), jstor (15), isbn (15), public (15), press (15), freedom (14), robert (14), review (14), institute (14), more (14), all (13), north (13), women (13), americans (13), founding (13), hamilton (13), gordon (13), liberalism (13), archived (13), vol (13), september (13), republicans (13), social (13), such (13), policy (12), may (12), independence (12), fathers (12), alexander (12), george (12), are (12), wood (12), most (12), civil (12), bernard (12), 978 (12), only (12), would (12), page (11), constitutional (11), south (11), bailyn (11), 2017 (11), thought (11), england (11), vote (11), university (11), system (11), classical (11), these (11), popular (11), well (11), elections (11), will (11), august (10), british (10), daughters (10), day (10), great (10), into (10), after (10), quarterly (10), early (10), 2001 (10), economic (10), citizen (10), 2024 (10), has (10), idea (10), should (10), civic (10), duty (10), slavery (10), debt (10), country (9), patriots (9), second (9), southern (9), ministry (9), men (9), june (9), original (9), power (9), mary (9), also (9), oligarchy (9), 2020 (9), special (9), times (9), anti (9), paul (9), minority (9), his (9), era (9), when (9), self (9), rule (9), article (9), historians (9), service (9), portal (9), wikipedia (8), articles (8), martin (8), 1776 (8), colonial (8), richard (8), virginia (8), philosophy (8), origins (8), one (8), any (8), jeffersonian (8), joseph (8), modern (8), pocock (8), free (8), movement (8), 2014 (8), against (8), elites (8), its (8), story (8), electoral (8), through (8), could (8), who (8), less (8), used (8), threat (8), those (8), list (8), toggle (7), last (7), general (7), house (7), continental (7), related (7), papers (7), colonies (7), commerce (7), common (7), culture (7), eighteenth (7), studies (7), white (7), april (7), january (7), ideas (7), referendum (7), reconstruction (7), notes (7), heritage (7), 1789 (7), version (7), intellectual (7), historian (7), old (7), joyce (7), appleby (7), suffrage (7), form (7), pure (7), benjamin (7), groups (7), ancient (7), small (7), president (7), over (7), tyranny (7), good (7), many (7), interests (7), roman (7), parties (7), christian (7), defunct (7), amendments (7), view (6), legal (6), about (6), terms (6), links (6), wayback (6), islands (6), saint (6), influence (6), french (6), treaty (6), franklin (6), lincoln (6), island (6), pennsylvania (6), boston (6), army (6), declaration (6), equal (6), religion (6), david (6), 1992 (6), 1972 (6), concept (6), 1997 (6), guarantee (6), 2006 (6), eds (6), 2002 (6), liberal (6), encyclopedia (6), republics (6), ideological (6), taylor (6), gilens (6), take (6), made (6), justice (6), patriot (6), news (6), monarchism (6), direct (6), time (6), presidential (6), college (6), been (6), executive (6), opposed (6), courts (6), federal (6), principles (6), because (6), definition (6), there (6), personal (6), issues (6), conservatism (6), neo (6), especially (6), virtuous (6), search (5), under (5), non (5), english (5), soldier (5), 1783 (5), charles (5), events (5), major (5), britain (5), tea (5), union (5), branch (5), black (5), life (5), spirit (5), locke (5), 2011 (5), july (5), media (5), before (5), tradition (5), historiography (5), toward (5), synthesis (5), machine (5), 1815 (5), during (5), study (5), late (5), 1775 (5), radical (5), federalism (5), real (5), congressional (5), 2009 (5), doi (5), argued (5), commitment (5), quoted (5), senate (5), governance (5), foreign (5), see (5), average (5), rich (5), supreme (5), judicial (5), mass (5), donald (5), trump (5), election (5), two (5), individual (5), became (5), voting (5), term (5), strong (5), control (5), representatives (5), fight (5), took (5), progressive (5), being (5), main (5), citizenship (5), name (5), aristocracy (5), according (5), both (5), part (5), does (5), necessary (5), theory (5), wealth (5), greek (5), some (5), private (5), than (5), democrats (5), series (5), subsection (5), contents (4), you (4), use (4), commons (4), march (4), bill (4), convention (4), louis (4), jones (4), clark (4), iii (4), leaders (4), quebec (4), carolina (4), massachusetts (4), peace (4), battles (4), northern (4), crisis (4), confederation (4), act (4), proclamation (4), coalition (4), future (4), kirk (4), 1965 (4), issn (4), 1787 (4), radicalism (4), rise (4), issue (4), literature (4), 1990 (4), shalhope (4), 2016 (4), writing (4), ellis (4), daniel (4), 1981 (4), 1800 (4), clause (4), theories (4), kerber (4), herrera (4), 1861 (4), ideal (4), companion (4), edition (4), 564 (4), create (4), 2000 (4), whig (4), world (4), brown (4), 1984 (4), 1985 (4), change (4), antebellum (4), empire (4), order (4), 2008 (4), sovereignty (4), moral (4), perspectives (4), 1987 (4), randolph (4), jackson (4), gallatin (4), appear (4), where (4), known (4), truth (4), rhetoric (4), kidd (4), god (4), much (4), our (4), among (4), since (4), majorities (4), word (4), amendment (4), policies (4), argues (4), 1830s (4), happy (4), believed (4), generally (4), led (4), cannot (4), large (4), nation (4), population (4), fought (4), emphasized (4), give (4), held (4), formed (4), just (4), monarchy (4), like (4), every (4), powers (4), way (4), patriotism (4), politicians (4), fiscal (4), chief (4), even (4), scientists (4), protection (4), strength (4), balance (4), land (4), multitude (4), marshall (4), called (4), equality (4), importance (4), process (4), project (4), reagan (4), school (4), constitutionalism (4), must (4), established (4), district (4), whip (4), leader (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), privacy (3), using (3), wikimedia (3), link (3), wikidata (3), 2019 (3), short (3), different (3), virgin (3), sint (3), sons (3), founders (3), memorial (3), currency (3), financial (3), intelligence (3), timeline (3), topics (3), jay (3), 1784 (3), allies (3), henry (3), lee (3), dickinson (3), samuel (3), ward (3), mercer (3), hopkins (3), rockingham (3), west (3), florida (3), rhode (3), jersey (3), delaware (3), connecticut (3), anglo (3), kings (3), saratoga (3), fort (3), princeton (3), western (3), philadelphia (3), campaigns (3), german (3), navy (3), royal (3), kingdom (3), letters (3), 1773 (3), resolution (3), necessity (3), arms (3), association (3), letter (3), fox (3), created (3), without (3), representation (3), interpretation (3), 325 (3), how (3), ever (3), 2010 (3), 2015 (3), understanding (3), making (3), machiavellian (3), moment (3), atlantic (3), 1980 (3), experience (3), texas (3), 1989 (3), drew (3), legacy (3), kramnick (3), isaac (3), primary (3), linda (3), experiment (3), ricardo (3), hart (3), 1952 (3), 1993 (3), cambridge (3), science (3), biography (3), eric (3), 1978 (3), 2003 (3), 2007 (3), 1790s (3), dobski (3), chicago (3), jeffersonians (3), 1832 (3), discourse (3), stuart (3), november (3), 1850 (3), historical (3), further (3), reading (3), seattle (3), put (3), october (3), group (3), saying (3), city (3), arizona (3), draper (3), dangerous (3), young (3), 1788 (3), oldest (3), element (3), religious (3), comes (3), cleveland (3), character (3), anthony (3), kansas (3), woman (3), 1988 (3), volume (3), 1891 (3), won (3), support (3), institutions (3), soldiers (3), 1994 (3), andrew (3), 581 (3), preferences (3), impact (3), upon (3), 1017 (3), s1537592714001595 (3), testing (3), pdf (3), kevin (3), webster (3), rousseau (3), indeed (3), program (3), capitol (3), candidate (3), campaign (3), out (3), once (3), current (3), make (3), him (3), instead (3), senators (3), bush (3), ideals (3), argue (3), 20th (3), declared (3), majoritarian (3), 1820s (3), local (3), democrat (3), representative (3), legislative (3), defined (3), faction (3), central (3), thus (3), therefore (3), represent (3), inalienable (3), particular (3), while (3), wilson (3), 1770s (3), influences (3), secure (3), them (3), exercising (3), too (3), themselves (3), man (3), later (3), cases (3), did (3), basic (3), due (3), what (3), poor (3), required (3), then (3), choice (3), important (3), affairs (3), came (3), superior (3), militia (3), off (3), 1835 (3), own (3), debts (3), favor (3), between (3), distribution (3), governments (3), fair (3), luxury (3), motherhood (3), never (3), fund (3), center (3), street (3), human (3), daily (3), active (3), conflict (3), 1960 (3), roberts (3), flynn (3), taft (3), vance (3), bear (3), paleo (3), schools (3), arguing (3), source (3), montesquieu (3), contract (3), very (3), composition (3), rulers (3), authority (3), colonists (3), read (3), preamble (3), vii (3), council (3), tools (3), topic (2), languages (2), table (2), safety (2), contact (2), text (2), available (2), agree (2), categories (2), url (2), template (2), written (2), description (2), movements (2), org (2), title (2), eustatius (2), puerto (2), rico (2), vincent (2), lucia (2), mexico (2), jamaica (2), grenada (2), canada (2), barbados (2), bahamas (2), antigua (2), barbuda (2), sovereign (2), cincinnati (2), children (2), powder (2), massacre (2), von (2), steuben (2), birthday (2), african (2), rebellion (2), ratification (2), paris (2), lafayette (2), xvi (2), witherspoon (2), morris (2), huntington (2), hanson (2), civilian (2), sullivan (2), rodney (2), greene (2), shelburne (2), king (2), howe (2), nova (2), scotia (2), loyal (2), hampshire (2), maryland (2), georgia (2), dutch (2), wars (2), mutiny (2), conspiracy (2), 1781 (2), france (2), conway (2), yorktown (2), defeat (2), farms (2), point (2), ticonderoga (2), hill (2), theaters (2), parliament (2), board (2), combatants (2), affair (2), credit (2), 1763 (2), perpetual (2), resolves (2), committee (2), correspondence (2), petition (2), farmer (2), committees (2), stamp (2), navigation (2), acts (2), loyalists (2), consent (2), governed (2), pursuit (2), happiness (2), sense (2), enlightenment (2), inventing (2), lesson (2), external (2), mother (2), 192 (2), yirush (2), craig (2), scholarship (2), 321 (2), frank (2), lawrence (2), identity (2), 1969 (2), creation (2), 1935 (2), 2005 (2), summer (2), focus (2), jacksonian (2), 1982 (2), 356 (2), emergence (2), arthur (2), 2013 (2), soul (2), transformation (2), rodgers (2), jack (2), 1975 (2), revisited (2), 1750 (2), initiative (2), nabors (2), forrest (2), excerpt (2), task (2), van (2), mccoy (2), theodore (2), sources (2), 1998 (2), virtues (2), milton (2), keyssar (2), contested (2), 21st (2), hartz (2), 2004 (2), gould (2), philip (2), cultural (2), foner (2), individualism (2), 1970 (2), labor (2), 2nd (2), end (2), standard (2), age (2), 1801 (2), colbourn (2), trevor (2), lamp (2), 1660 (2), buel (2), securing (2), gerry (2), 1999 (2), becker (2), peter (2), banning (2), 1966 (2), 1967 (2), here (2), patrick (2), progressivism (2), jean (2), belief (2), generation (2), her (2), reprinted (2), vision (2), slate (2), reason (2), why (2), keep (2), astra (2), wrong (2), argument (2), boyer (2), oxford (2), 211 (2), safire (2), 175 (2), 176 (2), 1777 (2), phillip (2), reid (2), kyle (2), volk (2), minorities (2), garrett (2), sheldon (2), caroline (2), says (2), removed (2), 1798 (2), michael (2), nelson (2), chambers (2), draft (2), grover (2), 1930 (2), 180 (2), structure (2), missouri (2), thornton (2), slave (2), alabama (2), lewis (2), quote (2), battle (2), hall (2), addresses (2), proposed (2), dropped (2), scott (2), mercenaries (2), security (2), problem (2), francis (2), burrows (2), albert (2), dec (2), organized (2), minuscule (2), near (2), zero (2), statistically (2), significant (2), belknap (2), towards (2), little (2), capital (2), hacker (2), jacob (2), class (2), pierson (2), fishkin (2), forbath (2), harvard (2), things (2), bouie (2), jamelle (2), stephen (2), kent (2), newmyer (2), statesman (2), strike (2), miller (2), 1974 (2), rahe (2), 1816 (2), introduction (2), sarah (2), purcell (2), spread (2), martial (2), clergy (2), 1768 (2), nixon (2), pettit (2), institutional (2), visions (2), references (2), reform (2), third (2), paper (2), giving (2), weight (2), votes (2), referendums (2), however (2), three (2), given (2), effort (2), win (2), ability (2), passed (2), mean (2), distinct (2), critics (2), oriented (2), threatened (2), wealthy (2), continue (2), roosevelt (2), theme (2), slogan (2), voters (2), eliminated (2), widely (2), directly (2), seen (2), positive (2), assumed (2), members (2), supported (2), force (2), exercise (2), judiciary (2), vested (2), select (2), chosen (2), opinion (2), regular (2), durable (2), described (2), wrote (2), true (2), weak (2), warned (2), suggested (2), reverse (2), tocqueville (2), opponent (2), soon (2), actually (2), larger (2), agents (2), spot (2), beyond (2), focused (2), ensure (2), worried (2), might (2), despotism (2), opposition (2), 1917 (2), debate (2), said (2), notion (2), serve (2), fear (2), core (2), progressives (2), morally (2), former (2), confederate (2), promote (2), meant (2), advocates (2), susan (2), forces (2), across (2), 1854 (2), settlers (2), whether (2), itself (2), michigan (2), checks (2), mills (2), nebraska (2), compatibility (2), incompatible (2), greatness (2), nations (2), extent (2), principle (2), jim (2), crow (2), 1875 (2), ruled (2), refers (2), implied (2), remained (2), question (2), terminology (2), rulings (2), wanted (2), another (2), liberties (2), gave (2), set (2), practice (2), ownership (2), limiting (2), native (2), gradually (2), requirements (2), few (2), goals (2), shall (2), explains (2), essential (2), component (2), enlistment (2), negotiations (2), constitutions (2), discipline (2), together (2), pride (2), paying (2), entire (2), convinced (2), evils (2), inequality (2), possible (2), danger (2), secretary (2), lower (2), same (2), louisiana (2), disagrees (2), status (2), get (2), powerful (2), researchers (2), stated (2), tend (2), organizations (2), winters (2), concerning (2), kentucky (2), side (2), possessed (2), equitable (2), nationalism (2), often (2), whigs (2), female (2), mill (2), pay (2), independent (2), freemen (2), purpose (2), avoid (2), mercy (2), otis (2), warren (2), doctrine (2), popularity (2), overthrow (2), factions (2), named (2), talk (2), libertarianism (2), trumpism (2), green (2), bradley (2), network (2), russell (2), keefe (2), pro (2), family (2), voice (2), economics (2), caucus (2), wire (2), regnery (2), magazine (2), books (2), examiner (2), dispatch (2), air (2), breitbart (2), spectator (2), claremont (2), sutherland (2), leadership (2), hoover (2), action (2), mind (2), stand (2), 1840 (2), schlafly (2), kristol (2), bennett (2), buckley (2), kavanaugh (2), gorsuch (2), barrett (2), alito (2), thune (2), rubio (2), mccarthy (2), johnson (2), goldwater (2), calhoun (2), natural (2), exceptionalism (2), traditionalist (2), libertarian (2), scholars (2), debated (2), analysis (2), passion (2), nor (2), passions (2), roundly (2), denounced (2), bank (2), versus (2), meaning (2), magistrates (2), masters (2), laws (2), rules (2), ingredient (2), limits (2), practicable (2), approach (2), paine (2), destiny (2), resistance (2), justified (2), desire (2), protect (2), philosophical (2), sermons (2), puritan (2), needed (2), key (2), utmost (2), london (2), imperial (2), greed (2), rested (2), harrington (2), sidney (2), renaissance (2), concepts (2), founded (2), heavily (2), four (2), 1791 (2), titles (2), netherlands (2), australia (2), nobility (2), separation (2), unratified (2), xxvii (2), peasant (2), état (2), coup (2), spanish (2), discourses (2), publica (2), skinner (2), tom (2), capitalist (2), relations (2), visa (2), columbia (2), dakota (2), surveillance (2), chuck (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), bahasa (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, contacts, disclaimers, additional, apply, site, registered, trademark, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, category, cs1, unfit, deprecated, archive, webarchive, mdy, dates, https, index, php, republicanism_in_the_united_states, oldid, 1371465134, turks, caicos, maarten, saba, pierre, miquelon, barthélemy, montserrat, martinique, guadeloupe, greenland, curaçao, cayman, bonaire, bermuda, aruba, anguilla, dependencies, territories, trinidad, tobago, grenadines, kitts, nevis, panama, nicaragua, honduras, haiti, guatemala, salvador, dominican, dominica, cuba, costa, rica, belize, museum, charters, rotunda, statuary, semiquincentennial, bicentennial, sesquicentennial, centennial, jubilee, minor, holidays, pulaski, theater, television, films, commemoration, libertas, americana, dollar, coin, banknotes, costs, dogs, yankee, doodle, tree, diplomacy, tomb, unknown, turtle, prisoners, shays, evacuation, aftermath, vergennes, suffren, rochambeau, luzerne, marquis, guichen, grasse, estaing, beaumarchais, rush, revere, mckean, laurens, hancock, carroll, wayne, schuyler, clair, putnam, nicholson, montgomery, knox, kalb, gates, duportail, claghorn, barry, arnold, allen, sandwich, germain, barrington, amherst, knyphausen, graves, gage, fraser, cornwallis, clinton, carleton, campbell, burgoyne, brant, arbuthnot, east, rebel, involvement, colony, location, mysore, fourth, cherokee, conflicts, newburgh, riots, carlisle, commission, entry, valley, forge, cabal, crossing, river, salute, staten, conference, saintes, chesapeake, lochry, guilford, pensacola, cowpens, mountain, camden, springfield, charleston, cape, gibraltar, savannah, expedition, stony, monmouth, germantown, brandywine, oriskany, bennington, siege, assunpink, creek, trenton, harlem, heights, long, valcour, bunker, capture, lexington, concord, naval, supporters, hortalez, cie, amity, franco, european, marines, thirteen, alarm, hutchinson, gaspee, 1772, indian, model, augusta, halifax, secret, causes, taking, olive, provincial, minutemen, suffolk, circular, grievances, nine, colonials, prohibitory, restraining, conciliatory, intolerable, townshend, declaratory, quartering, sugar, molasses, iron, loyalist, grafton, chatham, grenville, bute, pitt, newcastle, royalists, settler, colonialism, expansionism, taxation, englishmen, jaffee, bender, pennee, endowment, humanities, edsitement, neh, gov, plan, grades, zagari, rosemarie, morals, manners, 215, walter, owsley, 1865, 1995, 0735, 8342, influential, 679, 40493, transformed, monarchical, unlike, existed, wiltse, maurice, wilentz, sean, ends, 179, 199, watson, harry, 374, 52196, shields, fredrika, teute, domain, sphere, 169, 183, 334, shaffer, sandoz, ross, steven, 323, 330, career, rakove, meanings, postell, regulation, achieving, 108, mar, florentine, norton, beth, natelson, 807, 1860s, mushkat, jerome, rayback, buren, shaping, morgan, edmund, elusive, economy, lowi, bourgeois, kloppenberg, klein, intellect, perspective, 1976, 187, 205, jacobs, meg, directions, gary, restoration, haakonssen, knud, goodin, contemporary, pole, 1991, 845, emphasis, revised, titled, blackwell, autumn, 577, literary, gish, dustin, klinghard, ferling, 2012, leap, dark, struggle, soil, everdell, triumphs, tragedies, elkins, stanley, mckitrick, currie, 1829, period, language, dynamics, 1954, fall, v62, jürgen, heideking, henretta, lance, persuasion, evolution, 674, 44301, ashworth, capitalists, 428, 430, diggins, 572, 598, oakes, 551, 571, baker, 532, 550, cathy, matson, onuf, 496, 531, 474, 495, 461, 473, essays, capitalism, contexts, 1986, commercial, farming, agrarian, myth, 833, 849, imagination, danny, westneat, company, gop, keating, joshua, arlington, llc, interview, www, ackerman, wbur, meghna, chakrabarti, melvyn, dubofsky, 754, lerche, interpretations, 1949, yonatan, eyal, 1828, dictionary, gouverneur, leonhardt, challenged, coming, twin, threats, perils, liquor, winter, 1353, jer, 0113, politifact, website, goodlatte, working, recently, showed, remonstrance, assessments, 1785, neglected, case, apr, iss, 185, 209, polity, 191, enduring, transcript, mchenry, tucker, 109, enlightened, bourke, pluralist, tenth, 271, 299, debating, presidency, whiteclay, raise, alyn, brodsky, jensen, efficiency, 1885, byron, shafer, badger, 149, contesting, substance, ellen, carol, dubois, nyu, 0814721162, elizabeth, cady, stanton, artnow, 1253, 8027224821, complete, suffragette, 0826273918, 1860, grand, mcpherson, 126, cry, byrd, sharon, usgpo, 309, 139, 449, zuczek, greenwood, 0313330742, drastically, reduce, mark, expertise, 214, 0729, 2473, 262, cress, 0043, 5597, nagel, 504, 0824791421, 503, remini, macmillan, 0230614703, edwin, accessed, stands, controlled, 514, risk, drift, gives, optimism, headed, 0674979857, twenty, piketty, simon, schuster, 892939587, oclc, 1416593843, winner, richer, turned, back, middle, 0674247406, restructuring, foundations, boyd, julian, 553, 0691045382, opponents, don, want, nice, presser, resurrecting, 526, 533, reviews, kermit, mcguire, 404, brion, davis, dublin, 1830, 1959, 320, 332, portrait, paradox, fawn, brodie, 267, reality, whose, romantic, egalitarian, tenets, practically, course, nathan, schachner, 1957, 119, 134, interdisciplinary, reflections, birth, fire, inspiration, 1996, 621, 638, church, infobase, 234, 1438129242, leonard, expose, 138, zephyr, teachout, snuff, box, penguin, 1594202902, 507, kelley, 1977, 536, mortimer, sellers, 300, williams, horace, greeley, champion, gilder, lehrman, 95ff, stanford, yick, 118, 370, lovett, 1094, 2939, 1146, annurev, polisci, 040907, 120952, annual, neorepublicanism, normative, research
Text of the page (random words):
ly supervising government expenditures 55 andrew jackson believed the national debt was a national curse and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835 56 politicians ever since have used the issue of a high national debt to denounce the other party for profligacy and a threat to fiscal soundness and the nation s future 57 military service edit civic virtue required men to put civic goals ahead of their personal desires and to volunteer to fight for their country military service thus was an integral duty of the citizen as john randolph of roanoke put it when citizen and soldier shall be synonymous terms then you will be safe 58 scott 1984 notes that in both the american and french revolutions distrust of foreign mercenaries led to the concept of a national citizen army and the definition of military service was changed from a choice of careers to a civic duty 59 herrera 2001 explains that an appreciation of self governance is essential to any understanding of the american military character before the civil war military service was considered an important demonstration of patriotism and an essential component of citizenship to soldiers military service was a voluntary negotiated and temporary abeyance of self governance by which they signaled their responsibility as citizens in practice self governance in military affairs came to include personal independence enlistment negotiations petitions to superior officials militia constitutions and negotiations regarding discipline together these affected all aspects of military order discipline and life 60 61 united states constitution edit the founding fathers wanted republicanism because its principles guaranteed liberty with opposing limited powers offsetting one another they thought change should occur slowly as many were afraid that a democracy by which they meant a direct democracy would allow a majority of voters at any time to trample rights and liberties they believed the most formidable of these potential majorities was that of the poor against the rich 62 they thought democracy could take the form of mob rule that could be shaped on the spot by a demagogue 63 therefore they devised a written constitution that could be amended only by a super majority preserved competing sovereignties in the constituent states 64 gave the control of the upper house senate to the states and created an electoral college comprising a small number of elites to select the president they set up a house of representatives to represent the people in practice the electoral college soon gave way to control by political parties in 1776 most states required property ownership to vote but most white male citizens owned farms in the 90 rural nation so it was limiting to women native americans and slaves as the country urbanized and people took on different work the property ownership requirement was gradually dropped by many states property requirements were gradually dismantled in state after state so that all had been eliminated by 1850 so that few if any economic barriers remained to prevent white adult males from voting 65 terminology in legal rulings edit the term republic does not appear in the declaration of independence but does appear once in the constitution in article iv which guarantee s to every state in this union a republican form of government what exactly the writers of the constitution felt this should mean is uncertain the supreme court in luther v borden 1849 declared that the definition of republic was a political question in which it would not intervene during reconstruction the constitutional clause was the legal foundation for the extensive congressional control over the eleven former confederate states there was no such oversight over the border slave states that had remained in the union 66 in two later cases the supreme court did establish a basic definition in united states v cruikshank 1875 the court ruled that the equal rights of citizens were inherent to the idea of republic the opinion of the court from in re duncan 1891 67 held that the right of the people to choose their government is also part of the definition it is also generally assumed that the clause prevents any state from being a monarchy or a dictatorship due to the 1875 and 1891 court decisions establishing basic definition in the first version 1892 of the pledge of allegiance which included the word republic and like article iv which refers to a republican form of government the basic definition of republic is implied and continues to be so in all subsequent versions republicanism in american history edit south slavery jim crow and women s suffrage edit both democratic ancient greece and the ancient roman republic permitted slavery but many early americans questioned slavery s compatibility with republican values in 1850 sen william h seward declared on the senate floor that slavery was incompatible with the security welfare and greatness of nations and that when slavery prevails and controls in any republican state just to that extent it subverts the principle of democracy and converts the state into an aristocracy or a despotism 68 the republican party was formed by antislavery forces across the north in reaction to the kansas nebraska act of 1854 that promoted democracy or popular sovereignty by saying new settlers could decide themselves whether or not to have slavery the party officially designated itself republican because the name had been used by the jeffersonians in the 1790s and 1800s in view of the necessity of battling for the first principles of republican government resolved the michigan state convention and against the schemes of aristocracy the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth was ever cursed or man debased we will co operate and be known as republicans 69 70 the antebellum south took the reverse view interpreting northern policies against slavery as a threat to their republican values in particular the system of checks and balances according to j mills thornton 71 after the war the republicans believed that the constitutional guarantee of republicanism enabled congress to reconstruct the political system of the former confederate states the main legislation was explicitly designed to promote republicanism 72 radical republicans pushed forward to secure not only citizenship for freedmen through the 14th amendment but also to give them the vote through the 15th amendment they held that the concept of republicanism meant that true political knowledge was to be gained in exercising the right to vote and organizing for elections susan b anthony and other advocates of woman suffrage said republicanism covered them too as they demanded the vote 73 74 progressive era edit a central theme of the progressive era was fear of corruption one of the core ideas of republicanism since the 1770s the progressives restructured the political system to combat entrenched interests for example through the direct election of senators to ban influences such as alcohol that were viewed as corrupting and to extend the vote to women who were seen as being morally pure and less corruptible 75 questions of performing civic duty were brought up in presidential campaigns and world war i in the presidential election of 1888 republicans emphasized that the democratic candidate grover cleveland had purchased a substitute to fight for him in the civil war while his opponent general benjamin harrison had fought in numerous battles 76 in 1917 a great debate took place over woodrow wilson s proposal to draft men into the u s army after war broke out in europe many said it violated the republican notion of freely given civic duty to force people to serve 77 in the end wilson was successful and the selective service act of 1917 was passed democracy and republicanism edit founding fathers edit opposition to majoritarian tyranny edit historians such as richard ellis and michael nelson argue that much constitutional thought from madison to lincoln and beyond has focused on the problem of majority tyranny they conclude the principles of republican government embedded in the constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities 78 madison in particular worried that a small localized majority might threaten inalienable rights and in federalist no 10 he argued that the larger the population of the republic the more diverse it would be and the less liable to this threat 79 more broadly in federalist no 10 madison distinguished a democracy from a republic jefferson warned that an elective despotism is not the government we fought for 80 madison wrote in a democracy the people meet and exercise the government in person in a republic they assemble and administer it by their representatives and agents a democracy consequently will be confined to a small spot a republic may be extended over a large region 81 as late as 1800 the word democrat was mostly used to attack an opponent of the federalist party thus george washington in 1798 complained that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white as to change the principles of a profest democrat and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the government of this country 82 the federalist papers are pervaded by the idea that pure democracy is actually quite dangerous because it allows a majority to infringe upon the rights of a minority 83 thus in encouraging the states to participate in a strong centralized government under a new constitution and replace the relatively weak articles of confederation with a federal republic madison argued in federalist no 10 that a special interest may take control of a small area e g a state but it could not easily take over a large nation therefore the larger the nation the safer is republicanism 84 federal republicanism became the dominant ideology of the united states beginning with the adoption of the united states constitution in 1789 85 by 1805 the old republicans or quids a minority faction among southern republicans led by johan randolph john taylor of caroline and nathaniel macon opposed jefferson and madison on the grounds that they had abandoned the true republican commitment to a weak central government 86 in the 1830s alexis de tocqueville warned about the tyranny of the majority in a democracy and suggested the courts should try to reverse the efforts of the majority of terminating the rights of an unpopular minority 87 john phillip reid writes that republicanism includes guarantees of rights that cannot be repealed by a majority vote 88 support for rule of the majority edit others argue that the historical evidence suggests that the founders believed that majority will defined as the prevailing view of enfranchised citizens should generally dictate national policy 89 james madison equated a coalition of a majority of the whole society with justice and the general good in the federalist papers and alexander hamilton described representative democracy as happy regular and durable 90 89 alexander hamilton wrote that a representative democracy where the right of election is well secured and regulated the exercise of the legislative executive and judiciary authorities is vested in select persons chosen really and not nominally by the people will in my opinion be most likely to be happy regular and durable 91 89 rise of democracy edit over time the pejorative connotations of democracy faded by the 1830s democracy was seen as an unmitigated positive and the term democratic was assumed by the democratic party and the term democrat was adopted by its members 92 a common term for the party in the 19th century was the democracy 93 in debates on reconstruction radical republicans such as senator charles sumner argued that the republican guarantee clause in article iv supported the introduction by force of law of democratic suffrage in the defeated south 94 after 1800 the limitations on democracy were systematically removed property qualifications for state voters were largely eliminated in the 1820s 95 the initiative referendum recall and other devices of direct democracy became widely accepted at the state and local level in the 1910s and senators were made directly electable by the people in 1913 the last restrictions on black voting were made illegal in 1965 president abraham lincoln used constitutional republic and democracy synonymously casting the american experiment as government of the people by the people and for the people 96 20th century slogan a republic not a democracy edit the idea that america is a republic not a democracy has been a recurring theme in since the early 20th century it declared that not only is majoritarian pure democracy a form of tyranny unjust and unstable but that democracy in general is a distinct form of government from republicanism and that the united states has been and should remain the second and not the first critics of the socially oriented new deal programs proposed by franklin delano roosevelt to fix the great depression threatened republican ideals of property rights free enterprise and individual freedoms historian matthew dallek argues at this time the phrase a republic not a democracy was used by the right to argue that wealthy white men should continue to rule 97 draper notes conservative republican presidents in the 21st century george w bush donald trump have not been reluctant to invoke the word democracy in addresses and policies but as of 2022 in at least one state arizona draper traveled throughout he found anti democracy and anti democracy sentiment repeatedly voiced and distinct from anything he had encountered in over two decades of covering conservative politics 98 in a 2020 paper america is a republic not a democracy bernard dobski of the heritage foundation characterized attacks by liberals on the electoral college for its undemocratic features giving much more electoral weight to small states and usually giving all the electoral votes to whichever candidate won the most popular votes the most visible sign of this democratic antipathy to our republican institutions and compares the campaign to elect the president using the popular vote to calls for direct democracy through national referendums 99 however george thomas notes that interest in the republic not a democracy concept among republicans comes at a time when the republican presidential candidate has prevailed in the electoral college in three out of seven elections since 1988 but won the popular vote only once in 2004 and that given current trends minority rule in the united states could become routine 96 thomas also notes that interest in the idea comes at a time when donald trump s 2020 presidential campaign was the first in american history to make no effort to win the popular vote appealing only to the people who will deliver him an electoral college win 96 and a...
|
