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to austria hungary and russian realignment to france 1887 1892 edit main articles dual alliance 1879 and franco russian alliance 1 2 3 4 map of bismarck s alliances 1 dual alliance 1879 2 league of the three emperors 1881 3 triple alliance 1882 4 reinsurance treaty 1887 in 1887 german and russian alignment was secured by means of a secret reinsurance treaty arranged by otto von bismarck however in 1890 bismarck fell from power and the treaty was allowed to lapse in favor of the dual alliance 1879 between germany and austria hungary signed in response to rising russian influence in the balkans after its victory over the declining ottoman empire in the russo turkish war of 1877 78 that development was attributed to count leo von caprivi the prussian general who replaced bismarck as chancellor it is claimed that caprivi recognized a personal inability to manage the european system as his predecessor had and so was counseled by contemporary figures such as friedrich von holstein to follow a more logical approach as opposed to bismarck s complex and even duplicitous strategy 16 thus the treaty with austria hungary was concluded despite the russian willingness to amend the reinsurance treaty and to sacrifice a provision referred to as the very secret additions 16 that concerned the turkish straits 17 caprivi s decision was also driven by the belief that the reinsurance treaty was no longer needed to ensure russian neutrality if france attacked germany and the treaty would even preclude an offensive against france 18 lacking the capacity for bismarck s strategic ambiguity caprivi pursued a policy that was oriented towards getting russia to accept berlin s promises on good faith and to encourage st petersburg to engage in a direct understanding with vienna without a written accord 18 by 1882 the dual alliance was expanded to include italy 19 in response russia secured in the same year the franco russian alliance a strong military relationship that was to last until 1917 that move was prompted by russia s need for an ally since it was experiencing a major famine and a rise in antigovernment revolutionary activities 18 the alliance was gradually built throughout the years from when bismarck refused the sale of russian bonds in berlin which drove russia to the paris capital market 20 that began the expansion of russian and french financial ties which eventually helped elevate the franco russian entente to the diplomatic and military arenas citation needed caprivi s strategy appeared to work when during the outbreak of the bosnian crisis of 1908 germany successfully demanded that russia step back and demobilize 21 when germany asked russia the same thing later russia refused which finally helped precipitate the war citation needed french distrust of germany edit main article french entry into world war i american cartoon showing territorial dispute between france and germany over alsace lorraine 1898 some of the distant origins of world war i can be seen in the results and consequences of the franco prussian war in 1870 and 1871 and the concurrent unification of germany germany had won decisively and established a powerful empire but france fell into chaos and experienced a years long decline in its military power a legacy of animosity grew between france and germany after the german annexation of alsace lorraine the annexation caused widespread resentment in france giving rise to the desire for revenge that was known as revanchism french sentiment was based on a desire to avenge military and territorial losses and the displacement of france as the pre eminent continental military power 22 bismarck was wary of the french desire for revenge and achieved peace by isolating france and by balancing the ambitions of austria hungary and russia in the balkans during his later years he tried to placate the french by encouraging their overseas expansion however anti german sentiment remained 23 france eventually recovered from its defeat paid its war indemnity and rebuilt its military strength however france was smaller than germany in terms of population and industry and therefore many french felt insecure next to a more powerful neighbor 24 by the 1890s the desire for revenge over alsace lorraine was no longer a major factor for the leaders of france but remained a force in public opinion 25 jules cambon the french ambassador to berlin 1907 1914 worked hard to secure a détente but the french government realized that berlin was trying to weaken the triple entente and at the best was not sincere in seeking peace the french consensus was that war was inevitable 26 british alignment towards france and russia 1898 1907 the triple entente edit main articles entente cordiale anglo russian convention and triple entente after bismarck s removal in 1890 french efforts to isolate germany became successful with the formation of the informal triple entente germany began to feel encircled 27 french foreign minister théophile delcassé went to great pains to woo russia and britain key markers were the 1894 franco russian alliance the 1904 entente cordiale with britain and the 1907 anglo russian convention which led to the triple entente france s informal alignment with britain and its formal alliance with russia against germany and austria eventually led russia and britain to enter world war i as france s allies 28 29 britain abandoned its policy of splendid isolation in the 1900s after it had been isolated during the second boer war britain concluded agreements limited to colonial affairs with its two major colonial rivals the entente cordiale with france in 1904 and the anglo russian entente in 1907 some historians see britain s alignment as principally a reaction to an assertive german foreign policy and the buildup of its navy from 1898 that led to the anglo german naval arms race 30 31 other scholars most notably niall ferguson argue that britain chose france and russia over germany because germany was too weak an ally to provide an effective counterbalance to the other powers and could not provide britain with the imperial security that was achieved by the entente agreements 32 in the words of the british diplomat arthur nicolson it was far more disadvantageous to us to have an unfriendly france and russia than an unfriendly germany 33 ferguson argues that the british government rejected german alliance overtures not because germany began to pose a threat to britain but on the contrary because they realized she did not pose a threat 34 the impact of the triple entente was therefore twofold by improving british relations with france and its ally russia and showing the importance to britain of good relations with germany it was not that antagonism toward germany caused its isolation but rather that the new system itself channeled and intensified hostility towards the german empire 35 the triple entente between britain france and russia is often compared to the triple alliance between germany austria hungary and italy but historians caution against that comparison as simplistic the entente in contrast to the triple alliance and the franco russian alliance was not an alliance of mutual defence and so in 1914 britain felt free to make its own foreign policy decisions as the british foreign office official eyre crowe minuted the fundamental fact of course is that the entente is not an alliance for purposes of ultimate emergencies it may be found to have no substance at all for the entente is nothing more than a frame of mind a view of general policy which is shared by the governments of two countries but which may be or become so vague as to lose all content 36 a series of diplomatic incidents between 1905 and 1914 heightened tensions between the great powers and reinforced the existing alignments beginning with the first moroccan crisis citation needed first moroccan crisis 1905 06 strengthening the entente edit main article first moroccan crisis the first moroccan crisis was an international dispute between march 1905 and may 1906 over the status of morocco the crisis worsened german relations with both france and britain and helped ensure the success of the new entente cordiale in the words of the historian christopher clark the anglo french entente was strengthened rather than weakened by the german challenge to france in morocco 37 due to this crisis spain turned to the united kingdom and france and signed the pact of cartagena of 1907 spain received british help to build the new españa class battleship citation needed bosnian crisis 1908 worsening relations of russia and serbia with austria hungary edit main article bosnian crisis in 1908 austria hungary announced its annexation of bosnia and herzegovina provinces in the balkans bosnia and herzegovina had been nominally under the sovereignty of the ottoman empire but administered by austria hungary since the congress of berlin in 1878 the announcement upset the fragile balance of power in the balkans and enraged serbia and pan slavic nationalists throughout europe the weakened russia was forced to submit to its humiliation but its foreign office still viewed austria hungary s actions as overly aggressive and threatening russia s response was to encourage pro russian and anti austrian sentiment in serbia and other balkan provinces provoking austrian fears of slavic expansionism in the region 38 agadir crisis in morocco 1911 edit main article agadir crisis french troops in morocco 1912 imperial rivalries pushed france germany and britain to compete for control of morocco leading to a short lived war scare in 1911 in the end france established a protectorate over morocco that increased european tensions the agadir crisis resulted from the deployment of a substantial force of french troops into the interior of morocco in april 1911 germany reacted by sending the gunboat sms panther to the moroccan port of agadir on 1 july 1911 the main result was deeper suspicion between london and berlin and closer military ties between london and paris 39 40 british backing of france during the crisis reinforced the entente between the two countries and with russia increased anglo german estrangement and deepened the divisions that would erupt in 1914 41 in terms of internal british jousting the crisis was part of a five year struggle inside the british cabinet between radical isolationists and the liberal party s imperialist interventionists the interventionists sought to use the triple entente to contain german expansion the radical isolationists obtained an agreement for official cabinet approval of all initiatives that might lead to war however the interventionists were joined by the two leading radicals david lloyd george and winston churchill lloyd george s famous mansion house speech of 21 july 1911 angered the germans and encouraged the french 42 the crisis led british foreign secretary edward grey a liberal and french leaders to make a secret naval agreement by which the royal navy would protect the northern coast of france from german attack and france agreed to concentrate the french navy in the western mediterranean and to protect british interests there france was thus able to guard its communications with its north african colonies and britain to concentrate more force in home waters to oppose the german high seas fleet the british cabinet was not informed of the agreement until august 1914 meanwhile the episode strengthened the hand of german admiral alfred von tirpitz who was calling for a greatly increased navy and obtained it in 1912 43 the american historian raymond james sontag argues that agadir was a comedy of errors that became a tragic prelude to the world war i the crisis seems comic its obscure origin the questions at stake the conduct of the actors all comic the results were tragic tension between france and germany and between germany and england have been increased the armaments race receive new impetus the conviction that an early war was inevitable spread through the governing class of europe 44 italo turkish war isolation of the ottomans 1911 1912 edit main article italo turkish war mustafa kemal left with an ottoman military officer and bedouin forces in derna tripolitania vilayet 1912 in the italo turkish war the kingdom of italy defeated the ottoman empire in north africa in 1911 1912 45 italy easily captured the important coastal cities but its army failed to advance far into the interior italy captured the ottoman tripolitania vilayet a province whose most notable subprovinces or sanjaks were fezzan cyrenaica and tripoli itself the territories together formed what was later known as italian libya the main significance for world war i was that it was now clear that no great power still appeared to wish to support the ottoman empire which paved the way for the balkan wars christopher clark stated italy launched a war of conquest on an african province of the ottoman empire triggering a chain of opportunistic assaults on ottoman territories across the balkans the system of geographical balances that had enabled local conflicts to be contained was swept away 46 balkan wars 1912 1913 growth of serbian and russian power edit main article balkan wars the balkan wars were two conflicts that took place in the balkan peninsula in southeastern europe in 1912 and 1913 four balkan states defeated the ottoman empire in the first war one of them bulgaria was defeated in the second war the ottoman empire lost nearly all of its territory in europe austria hungary although not a combatant was weakened as a much enlarged kingdom of serbia pushed for union of all south slavs citation needed the balkan wars in 1912 1913 increased international tension between russia and austria hungary it also led to a strengthening of serbia and a weakening of the ottoman empire and bulgaria which might otherwise have kept serbia under control thus disrupting the balance of power in europe toward russia citation needed russia initially agreed to avoid territorial changes but later in 1912 it supported serbia s demand for an albanian port the london conference of 1912 13 agreed to create an independent albania but both serbia and montenegro refused to comply after an austrian and then an international naval demonstration in early 1912 and russia s withdrawal of support serbia backed down montenegro was not as compliant and on may 2 the austrian council of ministers met and decided to give montenegro a last chance to comply or it would resort to military action however seeing the austro hungarian military preparations the montenegrins requested for the ultimatum to be delayed and they complied 47 territorial gains of the balkan states after the balkan wars the serbian government having failed to get albania now demanded for the other spoils of the first balkan war to be reapportioned and russia failed to pressure serbia to back down serbia and greece allied against bulgaria which 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