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edules its work to be done topics covered here what is a service service lifecycle permissions process lifecycle local service sample remote messenger service sample developer guides for a detailed discussion about how to create services read the services developer guide what is a service most confusion about the service class actually revolves around what it is not a service is not a separate process the service object itself does not imply it is running in its own process unless otherwise specified it runs in the same process as the application it is part of a service is not a thread it is not a means itself to do work off of the main thread to avoid application not responding errors thus a service itself is actually very simple providing two main features a facility for the application to tell the system about something it wants to be doing in the background even when the user is not directly interacting with the application this corresponds to calls to context startservice which ask the system to schedule work for the service to be run until the service or someone else explicitly stop it a facility for an application to expose some of its functionality to other applications this corresponds to calls to context bindservice which allows a long standing connection to be made to the service in order to interact with it when a service component is actually created for either of these reasons all that the system actually does is instantiate the component and call its oncreate and any other appropriate callbacks on the main thread it is up to the service to implement these with the appropriate behavior such as creating a secondary thread in which it does its work note that because service itself is so simple you can make your interaction with it as simple or complicated as you want from treating it as a local java object that you make direct method calls on as illustrated by local service sample to providing a full remoteable interface using aidl service lifecycle there are two reasons that a service can be run by the system if someone calls context startservice then the system will retrieve the service creating it and calling its oncreate method if needed and then call its onstartcommand intent int int method with the arguments supplied by the client the service will at this point continue running until context stopservice or stopself is called note that multiple calls to context startservice do not nest though they do result in multiple corresponding calls to onstartcommand so no matter how many times it is started a service will be stopped once context stopservice or stopself is called however services can use their stopself int method to ensure the service is not stopped until started intents have been processed for started services there are two additional major modes of operation they can decide to run in depending on the value they return from onstartcommand start_sticky is used for services that are explicitly started and stopped as needed while start_not_sticky or start_redeliver_intent are used for services that should only remain running while processing any commands sent to them see the linked documentation for more detail on the semantics clients can also use context bindservice to obtain a persistent connection to a service this likewise creates the service if it is not already running calling oncreate while doing so but does not call onstartcommand the client will receive the ibinder object that the service returns from its onbind intent method allowing the client to then make calls back to the service the service will remain running as long as the connection is established whether or not the client retains a reference on the service s ibinder usually the ibinder returned is for a complex interface that has been written in aidl a service can be both started and have connections bound to it in such a case the system will keep the service running as long as either it is started or there are one or more connections to it with the context bind_auto_create flag once neither of these situations hold the service s ondestroy method is called and the service is effectively terminated all cleanup stopping threads unregistering receivers should be complete upon returning from ondestroy permissions global access to a service can be enforced when it is declared in its manifest s service tag by doing so other applications will need to declare a corresponding uses permission element in their own manifest to be able to start stop or bind to the service as of build version_codes gingerbread when using context startservice intent you can also set intent flag_grant_read_uri_permission and or intent flag_grant_write_uri_permission on the intent this will grant the service temporary access to the specific uris in the intent access will remain until the service has called stopself int for that start command or a later one or until the service has been completely stopped this works for granting access to the other apps that have not requested the permission protecting the service or even when the service is not exported at all in addition a service can protect individual ipc calls into it with permissions by calling the contextwrapper checkcallingpermission string method before executing the implementation of that call see the security and permissions document for more information on permissions and security in general process lifecycle the android system will attempt to keep the process hosting a service around as long as the service has been started or has clients bound to it when running low on memory and needing to kill existing processes the priority of a process hosting the service will be the higher of the following possibilities if the service is currently executing code in its oncreate onstartcommand or ondestroy methods then the hosting process will be a foreground process to ensure this code can execute without being killed if the service has been started then its hosting process is considered to be less important than any processes that are currently visible to the user on screen but more important than any process not visible because only a few processes are generally visible to the user this means that the service should not be killed except in low memory conditions however since the user is not directly aware of a background service in that state it is considered a valid candidate to kill and you should be prepared for this to happen in particular long running services will be increasingly likely to kill and are guaranteed to be killed and restarted if appropriate if they remain started long enough if there are clients bound to the service then the service s hosting process is never less important than the most important client that is if one of its clients is visible to the user then the service itself is considered to be visible the way a client s importance impacts the service s importance can be adjusted through context bind_above_client context bind_allow_oom_management context bind_waive_priority context bind_important and context bind_adjust_with_activity a started service can use the startforeground int notification api to put the service in a foreground state where the system considers it to be something the user is actively aware of and thus not a candidate for killing when low on memory it is still theoretically possible for the service to be killed under extreme memory pressure from the current foreground application but in practice this should not be a concern note this means that most of the time your service is running it may be killed by the system if it is under heavy memory pressure if this happens the system will later try to restart the service an important consequence of this is that if you implement onstartcommand to schedule work to be done asynchronously or in another thread then you may want to use start_flag_redelivery to have the system re deliver an intent for you so that it does not get lost if your service is killed while processing it other application components running in the same process as the service such as an activity can of course increase the importance of the overall process beyond just the importance of the service itself local service sample one of the most common uses of a service is as a secondary component running alongside other parts of an application in the same process as the rest of the components all components of an apk run in the same process unless explicitly stated otherwise so this is a typical situation when used in this way by assuming the components are in the same process you can greatly simplify the interaction between them clients of the service can simply cast the ibinder they receive from it to a concrete class published by the service an example of this use of a service is shown here first is the service itself publishing a custom class when bound public class localservice extends service private notificationmanager mnm unique identification number for the notification we use it on notification start and to cancel it private int notification r string local_service_started class for clients to access because we know this service always runs in the same process as its clients we don t need to deal with ipc public class localbinder extends binder localservice getservice return localservice this override public void oncreate mnm notificationmanager getsystemservice notification_service display a notification about us starting we put an icon in the status bar shownotification override public int onstartcommand intent intent int flags int startid log i localservice received start id startid intent return start_not_sticky override public void ondestroy cancel the persistent notification mnm cancel notification tell the user we stopped toast maketext this r string local_service_stopped toast length_short show override public ibinder onbind intent intent return mbinder this is the object that receives interactions from clients see remoteservice for a more complete example private final ibinder mbinder new localbinder show a notification while this service is running private void shownotification in this sample we ll use the same text for the ticker and the expanded notification charsequence text gettext r string local_service_started the pendingintent to launch our activity if the user selects this notification pendingintent contentintent pendingintent getactivity this 0 new intent this localserviceactivities controller class 0 set the info for the views that show in the notification panel notification notification new notification builder this setsmallicon r drawable stat_sample the status icon setticker text the status text setwhen system currenttimemillis the time stamp setcontenttitle gettext r string local_service_label the label of the entry setcontenttext text the contents of the entry setcontentintent contentintent the intent to send when the entry is clicked build send the notification mnm notify notification notification with that done one can now write client code that directly accesses the running service such as example of binding and unbinding to the local service bind to receiving an object through which it can communicate with the service note that this is implemented as an inner class only keep the sample all together typically this code would appear in some separate class public static class binding extends activity don t attempt to unbind from the service unless the client has received some information about the service s state private boolean mshouldunbind to invoke the bound service first make sure that this value is not null private localservice mboundservice private serviceconnection mconnection new serviceconnection public void onserviceconnected componentname classname ibinder service this is called when the connection with the service has been established giving us the service object we can use to interact with the service because we have bound to a explicit service that we know is running in our own process we can cast its ibinder to a concrete class and directly access it mboundservice localservice localbinder service getservice tell the user about this for our demo toast maketext binding this r string local_service_connected toast length_short show public void onservicedisconnected componentname classname this is called when the connection with the service has been unexpectedly disconnected that is its process crashed because it is running in our same process we should never see this happen mboundservice null toast maketext binding this r string local_service_disconnected toast length_short show void dobindservice attempts to establish a connection with the service we use an explicit class name because we want a specific service implementation that we know will be running in our own process and thus won t be supporting component replacement by other applications if bindservice new intent binding this localservice class mconnection context bind_auto_create mshouldunbind true else log e my_app_tag error the requested service doesn t exist or this client isn t allowed access to it void dounbindservice if mshouldunbind release information about the service s state unbindservice mconnection mshouldunbind false override protected void ondestroy super ondestroy dounbindservice remote messenger service sample if you need to be able to write a service that can perform complicated communication with clients in remote processes beyond simply the use of context startservice to send commands to it then you can use the messenger class instead of writing full aidl files an example of a service that uses messenger as its client interface is shown here first is the service itself publishing a messenger to an internal handler when bound public class messengerservice extends service for showing and hiding our notification notificationmanager mnm keeps track of all current registered clients arraylist messenger mclients new arraylist messenger holds last value set by a client int mvalue 0 command to the service to register a client receiving callbacks from the service the message s replyto field must be a messenger of the client where callbacks should be sent static final int msg_register_client 1 command to the service to unregister a client ot stop receiving callbacks from the service the message s replyto field must be a messenger of the client as previously given with msg_register_client static final int msg_unregister_client 2 command to service to set a new value this can be sent to the service to supply a new value and will be sent by the service to any registered clients with the new value static final int msg_set_value 3 handler of incoming messages from clients class incominghandler extends handler override public void handlemessage message msg switch msg what case msg_register_client mclients add msg replyto break case msg_unregister_client mclients remove msg replyto break case msg_set_value mvalue msg arg1 for int i mclients size...
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