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Text of the page (random words):
y a relocating loader except for that in this case it has to be done by the loaded program itself this is similar to the situation with self relocating drivers but with the program already loaded at the target location by the operating system s loader crash protected system files edit under dos some files by convention have file extensions which do not reflect their actual file type nb 4 for example country sys 30 is not a dos device driver nb 5 but a binary nls database file for use with the config sys country directive and the nlsfunc driver 30 the pc dos and dr dos system files ibmbio com and ibmdos com are special binary images loaded by bootstrap loaders not com style programs nb 5 trying to load country sys with a device statement or executing ibmbio com or ibmdos com at the command prompt will cause unpredictable results nb 4 nb 6 it is sometimes possible to avoid this by utilizing techniques similar to those described above for example dr dos 7 02 and higher incorporate a safety feature developed by matthias r paul 31 if these files are called inappropriately tiny embedded stubs will just display some file version information and exit gracefully 32 31 33 30 additionally the message is specifically crafted to follow certain magic patterns recognized by the external netware dr dos version file identification utility 30 31 nb 7 a similar protection feature was the 8080 instruction c7h rst 0 at the very start of jay sage s and joe wright s z system type 3 and type 4 z3env programs 34 35 as well as z3txt language overlay files 36 which would result in a warm boot instead of a crash under cp m 80 if loaded inappropriately 34 35 36 nb 2 in a distantly similar fashion many binary file formats by convention include a 1ah byte ascii z near the beginning of the file this control character will be interpreted as soft end of file eof marker when a file is opened in non binary mode and thus under many operating systems including the pdp 6 monitor 37 and rt 11 vms tops 10 38 cp m 39 40 dos 41 and windows 42 it prevents binary garbage from being displayed when a file is accidentally printed at the console linux edit fatelf universal binaries for linux edit fatelf logo fatelf 43 was a fat binary implementation for linux and other unix like operating systems technically a fatelf binary was a concatenation of elf binaries with some meta data indicating which binary to use on what architecture 44 additionally to the cpu architecture abstraction byte order word size cpu instruction set etc there is the advantage of binaries with support for multiple kernel abis and versions fatelf has several use cases according to developers 43 distributions no longer need to have separate downloads for various platforms separated lib lib32 and lib64 trees are not required anymore in os directory structure the correct binary and libraries are centrally chosen by the system instead of shell scripts if the elf abi changes someday legacy users can be still supported distribution of web browser plug ins that work out of the box with multiple platforms distribution of one application file that works across linux and bsd os variants without a platform compatibility layer on them one hard drive partition can be booted on different machines with different cpu architectures for development and experimentation same root file system different kernel and cpu architecture applications provided by network share or usb sticks will work on multiple systems this is also helpful for creating portable applications and also cloud computing images for heterogeneous systems 45 a proof of concept ubuntu 9 04 image is available 46 as of 2021 update fatelf has not been integrated into the mainline linux kernel citation needed 47 48 windows edit fatpack edit although the portable executable format used by windows does not allow assigning code to platforms it is still possible to make a loader program that dispatches based on architecture this is because desktop versions of windows on arm have support for 32 bit x86 emulation making it a useful universal machine code target fatpack is a loader that demonstrates the concept it includes a 32 bit x86 program that tries to run the executables packed into its resource sections one by one 49 similar concepts edit the following approaches are similar to fat binaries in that multiple versions of machine code of the same purpose are provided in the same file heterogeneous computing edit since 2007 some specialized compilers for heterogeneous platforms produce code files for parallel execution on multiple types of processors i e the chi c for heterogeneous integration compiler from the intel exochi exoskeleton sequencer development suite extends the openmp pragma concept for multithreading to produce fat binaries containing code sections for different instruction set architectures isas from which the runtime loader can dynamically initiate the parallel execution on multiple available cpu and gpu cores in a heterogeneous system environment 50 51 introduced in february 2007 nvidia s parallel computing platform cuda compute unified device architecture is a software to enable general purpose computing on gpus gpgpu its llvm based compiler nvcc can create elf based fat binaries containing so called ptx virtual assembly as text which the cuda runtime driver can later just in time compile into some sass streaming assembler binary executable code for the actually present target gpu the executables can also include so called cuda binaries aka cubin files containing dedicated executable code sections for one or more specific gpu architectures from which the cuda runtime can choose from at load time 52 53 54 55 56 57 fat binaries are also supported by gpgpu sim de a gpu simulator introduced in 2007 as well 58 59 multi2sim m2s an opencl heterogeneous system simulator framework originally only for either mips or x86 cpus but later extended to also support arm cpus and gpus like the amd ati evergreen southern islands as well as nvidia fermi kepler families 60 supports elf based fat binaries as well 61 60 fat objects edit gnu compiler collection gcc and llvm do not have a fat binary format but they do have fat object files for link time optimization lto since lto involves delaying the compilation to link time the object files must store the intermediate representation ir but on the other hand machine code may need to be stored too for speed or compatibility an lto object containing both ir and machine code is known as a fat object 62 function multi versioning edit even in a program or library intended for the same instruction set architecture a programmer may wish to make use of some newer instruction set extensions while keeping compatibility with an older cpu this can be achieved with function multi versioning fmv versions of the same function are written into the program and a piece of code decides which one to use by detecting the cpu s capabilities such as through cpuid intel c compiler gcc and llvm all have the ability to automatically generate multi versioned functions 63 this is a form of dynamic dispatch without any semantic effects many math libraries feature hand written assembly routines that are automatically chosen according to cpu capability examples include glibc intel mkl and openblas in addition the library loader in glibc supports loading from alternative paths for specific cpu features 64 a similar but byte level granular approach originally devised by matthias r paul and axel c frinke is to let a small self discarding relaxing and relocating loader embedded into the executable file alongside any number of alternative binary code snippets conditionally build a size or speed optimized runtime image of a program or driver necessary to perform or not perform a particular function in a particular target environment at load time through a form of dynamic dead code elimination ddce 65 66 67 68 see also edit cross platform software dos stub fat pointer linear executable lx new executable ne portable executable pe position independent code pic side effect universal hex format a fat hex file format targeting multiple platforms alphanumeric executable executable code camouflaged as sometimes even readable text multi architecture shellcode shellcode targeting multiple platforms and sometimes even camouflaged as alphanumeric text notes edit a b this isn t a problem for cp m 86 style executables under cp m 86 cp m 86 plus personal cp m 86 s5 dos concurrent cp m 86 concurrent dos concurrent dos 286 flexos concurrent dos 386 dos plus multiuser dos system manager and real 32 because they use the file extension cmd rather than com for these files the cmd extension however is conflictive with the file extension for batchjobs written for the command line processor cmd exe under the os 2 and windows nt operating system families a b c this works because a suitable return instruction can be used to exit programs under cp m 80 cp m 86 and dos although the opcodes exact conditions and underlying mechanisms differ under cp m 80 programs can terminate that is warm boot into the bios by jumping to 0 in the zero page either directly with rst 0 8080 8085 z80 opcode c7h or by calling bdos function 0 through the call 5 interface alternatively as the stack is prepared to hold a 0 return address before passing control to a loaded program they can for as long as the stack is aligned also be exited by issuing a ret opcode c9h instruction thereby falling into the terminating code at offset 0 in the zero page although dos has a dedicated int 20h interrupt as well as int 21h api sub functions to terminate programs which are preferable for more complicated programs for machine translated programs dos also emulates cp m s behaviour to some extent a program can terminate itself by jumping to offset 0 in its psp the equivalent to cp m s zero page where the system had previously planted an int 20h instruction also a loaded program s initial stack is prepared to hold a word of 0 so that a program issuing a near return retn 8088 8086 opcode c3h will implicitly jump to the start of its code segment as well thereby eventually reaching the int 20h as well a in cp m 86 the zero page is structured differently and there is no call 5 interface but the stack return method and bdos function 0 but now through int e0h both work as well on 8088 8086 processors the opcode c9h is an undocumented alias for cbh retf popping cs ip from the stack whereas it decodes as leave set sp to bp and pop bp on 80188 80186 and newer processors a b this problem could have been avoided by choosing non conflicting file extensions but once introduced these particular file names were retained from very early versions of ms dos pc dos for compatibility reasons with third party tools hard wired to expect these specific file names a b other dos files of this type are keyboard sys a binary keyboard layout database file for the keyboard driver keyb under ms dos and pc dos io sys containing the dos bios under ms dos and msdos sys a text configuration file under windows 95 ms dos 7 0 and higher but originally a binary system file containing the ms dos kernel however ms dos and pc dos do not provide crash protected system files at all and these file names are neither used nor needed in dr dos 7 02 and higher which otherwise does provide crash protected system files this is the reason why these files have the hidden attribute set so that they are not listed by default thereby reducing the risk of being invoked accidentally the country sys file formats supported by the ms dos pc dos and the dr dos families of operating systems contain similar data but are organized differently and incompatible since the entry points into the data structures are at different offsets in the file it is possible to create fat country sys databases which could be used under both dos families b however dr dos 7 02 and its nlsfunc 4 00 and higher include an improved parser capable of reading both types of formats and variants even at the same time so that janus headed files are not necessary c d the shipped files are nevertheless fat for including a tiny executable stub just displaying an embedded message when invoked inappropriately d b references edit devanbu premkumar t fong philip w l stubblebine stuart g 19 25 april 1998 3 3 java and th pdf techniques for trusted software engineering proceedings of the 20th international conference on software engineering proceedings international conference on software engineering kyoto japan p 131 doi 10 1109 icse 1998 671109 isbn 0 8186 8368 6 issn 0270 5257 archived from the original pdf on 2014 01 16 retrieved 2021 09 29 10 pages pero nicola 2008 12 18 gnustep tools make readme packaging github archived from the original on 2022 05 25 retrieved 2022 05 26 packagingdrafts gnustep fedora project wiki 2009 02 25 archived from the original on 2022 05 25 retrieved 2022 05 26 domain system software release notes software release 10 1 pdf first printing ed chelmsford massachusetts usa apollo computer inc december 1988 p 2 16 order no 005809 a03 retrieved 2022 07 24 256 pages a b engst adam c 1994 08 22 should fat binaries diet tidbits no 240 tidbits publishing inc issn 1090 7017 archived from the original on 2021 09 29 retrieved 2021 09 29 a b engst adam c 1994 08 29 fat binary comments tidbits no 241 tidbits publishing inc issn 1090 7017 archived from the original on 2021 09 29 retrieved 2021 09 29 chapter 1 resource manager resource manager reference resource file format inside macintosh mac os runtime architectures apple computer 1996 07 06 archived from the original on 2021 09 29 retrieved 2021 09 29 chapter 7 fat binary programs creating fat binary programs inside macintosh mac os runtime architectures apple computer 1997 03 11 archived from the original on 2021 09 29 retrieved 2011 06 20 1 chapter 8 pef structure inside macintosh mac os runtime architectures apple computer 1997 03 11 archived from the original on 2021 09 29 retrieved 2021 09 29 tevanian avadis demoney michael enderby kevin wiebe douglas snyder garth 1995 07 11 1993 08 20 method and apparatus for architecture independent executable files pdf redwood city california usa next computer inc us patent 5432937a archived pdf from the original on 2020 12 14 retrieved 2022 05 26 2 9 pages tevanian avadis demoney michael enderby kevin wiebe douglas snyder garth 1997 02 18 1995 02 28 method and apparatus for architecture independent executable files pdf redwood city california usa next computer inc us patent 5604905a archived pdf from the original on 2022 05 26 retrieved 2022 05 26 9 pages universal binaries and 32 bit 64 bit powerpc binaries mac os x abi mach o file format reference apple inc 2009 02 04 2003 archived from the original on 2012 04 27 singh amit 2006 06 19 2 6 2 fat binaries mac os x internals a systems approach pearson education p 66 isbn 978 0 13270226 3 retrieved 2021 09 28 paul matthias r 2002 10 07 2000 re run a co...
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