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the united states outlawed cannabis the campaign against alcohol prohibition culminated in the twenty first amendment to the united states constitution repealing prohibition on 5 december 1933 as well as liberalization in canada and some but not all of the other countries that enforced prohibition despite this many laws controlling the use of alcohol continue to exist even in these countries in the mid 20th century the united states government led a major renewed surge in drug prohibition called the war on drugs 32 initial attempts to change the punitive drug laws which were introduced all over the world from the late 1800s onwards were primarily based around recreational use timothy leary was one of the most prominent campaigners for the legal and recreational use of lsd in 1967 a legalise pot rally was held in britain 33 as death toll from the drug war rose other organisations began to form to campaign on a more political and humanitarian basis drug policy foundation formed in america and release a charity which gives free legal advice to drugs users and currently campaigns for drug decriminalization also incorporated in the 1970s into the 21st century the focus of the world s drug policy reform organisations is on the promotion of harm reduction in the western world and attempting to prevent the catastrophic loss of human life in developing countries where much of the world s supply of heroin cocaine and marijuana are produced drug policy reform advocates point to failed efforts such as the mexican drug war as signs that a new approach to drug policy is needed according to some observers the mexican drug war has claimed as many as 80 000 lives 34 in 2014 a european citizens initiative called weed like to talk was launched within the european union with the aim of starting a debate in europe about the legalization of the production sale and use of marijuana in the european union and finding a common policy for all eu member states 35 36 as of 30 june 2014 the initiative has collected 100 000 signatures from citizens in european member states should they reach 1 million signatures from nationals of at least one quarter of the member states the european commission will be required to initiate a legislative proposal and a debate on the issue 37 impacts edit drug harms according to the iscd study drug harms in the uk a multi criteria decision analysis 38 an independent scientific committee on drugs study found drug harms such as economic cost injury family adversities environmental damage and community harm vary between different drugs 38 harms to others and society edit proponents of drug prohibition argue that many negative externalities or third party costs are associated with the consumption of illegal drugs 39 2043 40 183 externalities like violence environmental effects on neighborhoods increased health risks and increased healthcare costs are often associated with the illegal drug market 41 3 opponents of prohibition argue that some of those externalities are created by criminalizing drug policies they believe that much of the violence associated with drug trade is due to the illegal nature of drug trade where there is no mediating authority to solve disputes peacefully and legally 41 3 40 177 the illegal nature of the market also affects the health of consumers by making it difficult to acquire syringes which often leads to needle sharing 40 180 181 economist milton friedman argues that prohibition of drugs creates many negative externalities like increased incarceration rates the undertreatment of chronic pain corruption disproportional imprisonment of african americans compounding harm to users the destruction of inner cities and harm to foreign countries 42 proponents of legalization also argue that prohibition decrease the quality of the drugs made which often leads to more physical harm like accidental overdoses and poisoning to the drug users 40 179 steven d levitt and ilyana kuziemko point to the over crowding of prisons as another negative side effect of the war on drugs they believe that by sending such a large number of drug offenders to prison the war on drugs has reduced the prison space available for other offenders this increased incarceration rate not only costs tax payers more to maintain it could possibly increase crime by crowding violent offenders out of prison cells and replacing them with drug offenders 39 2043 according to economist mark thornton prohibition increases political corruption and crime 43 prohibition can produce more dangerous and addictive drugs 43 milton friedman estimated that over 10 000 deaths a year in the us are caused by the criminalization of drugs and if drugs were to be made legal number of innocent victims such as those shot down in drive by shootings would decrease 44 45 cost of law enforcement edit a harvard economist jeffrey miron estimated that ending the war on drugs would inject 76 8 billion into the us economy in 2010 alone 46 he estimates that the government would save 41 3 billion for law enforcement and the government would gain up to 46 7 billion in tax revenue 47 since the war on drugs began under the administration of president richard nixon the federal drug fighting budget has increased from 100 million in 1970 to 15 1 billion in 2010 with a total cost estimated near 1 trillion dollars over 40 years in the same time period an estimated 37 million nonviolent drug offenders have been incarcerated 121 billion was spent to arrest these offenders and 450 billion to incarcerate them 48 the legalization would reduce the cost of having to mass incarcerate marginalized communities which are those who are disproportionately affected of those arrested for drug possession or drug related crimes the majority of those individuals arrested are black or hispanic 49 demand curve edit much of the debate surrounding the economics of drug legalization centers on the shape of the demand curve for illegal drugs and the sensitivity of consumers to changes in the prices of illegal drugs 41 proponents of drug legalization often assume that the quantity of addictive drugs consumed is unresponsive to changes in price however studies into addictive but legal substances like alcohol and cigarettes have shown that consumption can be quite responsive to changes in prices 50 in the same study economists michael grossman and frank j chaloupka estimated that a 10 reduction in the price of cocaine would lead to a 14 increase in the frequency of cocaine use 50 459 this increase indicates that consumers are responsive to price changes in the cocaine market there is also evidence that in the long run consumers are much more responsive to price changes than in the short run 50 454 but other studies have led to a wide range of conclusions 39 2043 considering that legalization would likely lead to an increase in the supply of drugs the standard economic model predicts that the quantity of drugs consumed would rise and the prices would fall 50 428 andrew e clark an economist who has studied the effects of drug legalization suggests that a specific tax or sin tax would counteract the increase in consumption 41 3 size of the illegal drug market edit according to 2013 data from the united nations office on drugs and crime unodc and european crime fighting agency europol the annual global drugs trade is worth around 435 billion a year with the annual cocaine trade worth 84 billion of that amount 51 52 policies by country edit asia edit philippines edit senator bato dela rosa despite having the reputation of leading the deadly war on drugs during the presidency of rodrigo duterte as chief of the philippine national police filed a bill in the senate in november 2022 proposing the decriminalization of illegal drug use this bid was an attempt to deal with prison overcrowding and underutilization of drug rehabilitation centers while the proposal do not include drug trafficking and manufacturing the bill was met with opposition from law enforcement agencies who believes it would send a wrong signal and encourage drug abuse the department of health has supported the proposal 53 thailand edit a committee tasked with controlling illegal drugs has won a majority vote to have cannabis and hemp reclassified as narcotics and the listing will take effect on 1 january 2024 according to media 54 although thailand has a strict drug policy in may 2018 the cabinet approved draft legislation that allows for more research into the effects of marijuana on people thus the government pharmaceutical organization gpo will soon begin clinical trials of marijuana as a preliminary step in the production of drugs from this plant these medical studies are considered new landmarks in the history of thailand because the manufacture storage and use of marijuana has been completely outlawed in thailand since 1979 55 on 9 november 2018 the national assembly of thailand officially proposed to allow licensed medical use of marijuana thereby legalizing what was previously considered a dangerous drug the national assembly on friday submitted its amendments to the ministry of health which would place marijuana and vegetable kratom in the category allowing their licensed possession and distribution in regulated conditions the ministry reviewed the amendments before sending them to the cabinet which returned it to the national assembly for a final vote this process was completed on 25 december 2018 56 thus thailand became the first asian country to legalize medical cannabis 57 these changes did not allow recreational use of drugs these actions were taken because of the growing interest in the use of marijuana and its components for the treatment of certain diseases cannabis became decriminalized in thailand on 9 june 2022 making recreational use also legal although smoking in public can still incur penalties due to being considered a public nuisance 58 59 supporters of legalization argue that the legal market for marijuana in thailand could increase to 5 billion by 2024 60 europe edit czech republic edit marijuana edit in the czech republic until 31 december 1998 only drug possession for other person i e intent to sell was criminal apart from production importation exportation offering or mediation which was and remains criminal while possession for personal use remained legal 61 on 1 january 1999 an amendment of the criminal code which was necessitated in order to align the czech drug rules with the single convention on narcotic drugs became effective criminalizing possession of amount larger than small also for personal use art 187a of the criminal code while possession of small amounts for personal use became a misdemeanor 61 the judicial practice came to the conclusion that the amount larger than small must be five to ten times larger depending on drug than a usual single dose of an average consumer 62 on 14 december 2009 the government of the czech republic adopted regulation no 467 2009 coll that took effect on 1 january 2010 and specified what amount larger than small under the criminal code meant effectively taking over the amounts that were already established by the previous judicial practice according to the regulation a person could possess up to 15 grams of marijuana or 1 5 grams of heroin without facing criminal charges these amounts were higher often many times than in any other european country possibly making the czech republic the most liberal country in the european union when it comes to drug liberalization apart from portugal 63 under the regulation no 467 2009 coll possession of the following amounts or less of illicit drugs was to be considered smaller than large for the purposes of the criminal code and was to be treated as a misdemeanor subject to a fine equal to a parking ticket 64 marijuana 15 grams or five plants hashish 5 grams magic mushrooms 40 pieces peyote 5 plants lsd 5 tablets ecstasy 4 tablets amphetamine 2 grams methamphetamine 2 grams heroin 1 5 grams coca 5 plants cocaine 1 gram in 2013 a district court in liberec was deciding a case of a person that was accused of criminal possession for having 3 25 grams of methamphetamine 1 9 grams of straight methamphetamine base well over the regulation s limit of 2 grams the court considered that basing a decision on mere regulation would be unconstitutional and in breach of article 39 of the czech charter of fundamental rights and freedoms which states that only a law may designate which acts constitute a crime and what penalties or other detriments to rights or property may be imposed for committing them and proposed to the constitutional court to abolish the regulation in line with the district courts argument the constitutional court abolished the regulation effective from 23 august 2013 noting that the amount larger than small within the meaning of the criminal code may be designated only by the means of an act of parliament and not a governmental regulation moreover the constitutional court further noted that the regulation merely took over already existing judicial practice of interpretation of what constitutes amount larger than small and thus its abolishment will not really change the criminality of drug possession in the country 65 thus the above mentioned amounts from the now not effective regulation remained as the base for consideration of police and prosecutors while courts are not bound by the precise grammage small amounts remained subject to administrative fines on par with a parking violation medical use of cannabis on prescription has been legal and regulated since 1 april 2013 66 67 beginning 2026 cultivation of 3 plants and possession of 100g at home 25g in a public setting of marijuana was legalised cultivation of up to 5 plants and possession of up to 200g at home is treated as civil infraction subject to administrative fine on par with a parking violation while larger amounts remain criminal sale or procurement of marijuana for other person remains criminal notwithstanding the amount weight 68 psilocybin edit beginning 2026 psilocybin was authorized for medical use doctors will be able to prescribe it for treatment of severe depression addiction existential distress in cancer patients or patients with post traumatic stress disorder 69 70 france edit following a contentious debate france opened its first supervised injection centre on 11 october 2016 marisol touraine the minister of health declared that the centre located near the gare du nord in paris was a strong political response for a pragmatic and responsible policy that brings high risk people back towards the health system rather than stigmatizing them 71 germany edit see also drug policy of germany and cannabis in germany in 1994 the federal constitutional court ruled that drug addiction was not a crime nor was the possession of small amounts of drugs for personal use in 2000 germany s narcotic drugs act btmg was changed to allow for supervised drug injection rooms in 2002...
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