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sted with 21 agents some of whom received exposure to more than one chemical agent 1 cholinesterase reactivator experiments edit cholinesterase reactivators are substances which reactivate acetylcholinesterase which has been inactivated by an anticholinesterase 25 1 this action can be precipitated through a variety of mechanisms including directly binding and deactivating the anticholinesterase itself 26 blocking the reaction between the anticholinesterase and the acetylcholinesterase 27 changing the release of acetylcholine 28 blocking acetylcholine s cholinolytic effect 29 or by increasing the excretion of the anticholinesterase 30 available data from the experiments 1 and from prescribing information 31 from modern marketing of these substances concludes that little risk exists of long term effects from exposure it is noted however in both the prescribing information for modern variants and in toxicological research on the subject that it has been the subject of insufficient research to conclude this beyond a reasonable doubt 32 31 in total 219 subjects were tested with four agents 1 psychochemical related experiments edit the 1976 report on the matter identifies the sole objective of the psychochemical experiments as determining the impact on morale and efficacy such agents would have on military units 4 it appears that these experiments specifically were first called for in 1954 after the attendees of the first psychochemical conference informed the department of defense that human trials were indicated in 1957 the first report of such trials were received detailing a four person experiment wherein they attempted to successfully decontaminate themselves of a mock agent while under the influence of lsd 33 lsd experiments edit the lsd experiments are perhaps the best documented of the psychochemical experiments of the time garnering at least two significant independent reports 4 33 34 lsd is a psychedelic drug that acts as a dopamine and serotonin agonist 35 36 precipitating a hallucinogenic effect leading to hallucinations euphoria and a wide variety of physiological symptoms 37 available data describes a wide range of doses used in the experiments from approximately 2μg kg to 16μg kg 33 a typical dose for recreational use is around 100μg 38 39 40 or about 1 1μg kg for the average adult male in the u s 41 meaning that the lowest dose used in experimentation was almost twice the typical recreational dose and the highest dose exceeded fifteen times the typical recreational dose because of limited documentation it is difficult to ascertain which experiments occurred at which installations but available documentation describes several general types of experiments which included presenting individuals with radar symbols for interpretation having them track a simulated aircraft having them read a map having them interpret meteorological data and having them attempt to defend an installation against a simulated hostile air craft attack with 40 mm antiaircraft automatic weapons 33 results varied between experiments but typically showed significant impairment at all doses with impairment increasing as dose did 4 33 34 available data from the experiments 34 concluded that long term effects from lsd exposure in not only the edgewood arsenal experiments but also in the other associated experiments conducted concurrently by the army chemical corps were minimal with the exception of a possible small increase in congenital heart disease in offspring of the experimental subjects and neuropsychological abnormalities in 9 of the participants which could not be explained by etiological explanations other than lsd exposure most of which were considered mild it is reported that all testing of lsd at edgewood arsenal and in general on behalf of the army chemical corps was abandoned on or around april 1963 4 bz experiments edit 3 quinuclidinyl benzilate or bz is a substance that interferes with the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholine existing documentation admits only that the substance was tested at edgewood arsenal and all other data including the medical records from the subjects are completely missing 4 because of the extremely limited data speculation on possible side effects from exposure is impossible scandal and termination edit in september 1975 the medical research volunteer program mrvp was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the edgewood installation the founder and director of the program van murray sim was called before congress and chastised by outraged lawmakers who questioned the absence of follow up care for the human volunteers an army investigation subsequently found no evidence of serious injuries or deaths associated with the mrvp but deplored both the recruiting process and the informed consent approach which they characterized as suggest ing possible coercion aftermath edit government reports edit 1982 85 iom report the institute of medicine iom published a three volume report on the edgewood research in 1982 1985 possible long term health effects of short term exposure to chemical agents 42 the three volumes were vol 1 anticholinesterases and anticholinergics 1982 vol 2 cholinesterase reactivators psychochemicals and irritants and vesicants 1984 vol 3 final report current health status of test subjects 1985 the national academy of sciences which oversees the iom sent a questionnaire to all of the former volunteers that could be located approximately 60 of the total the lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation the study could not rule out long term health effects related to exposure to the nerve agents it concluded that whether the subjects at edgewood incurred these changes depression cognitive deficits tendency to suicide and to what extent they might now show these effects are not known with regard specifically to bz and related compounds the iom study concluded that available data suggest that long term toxic effects and or delayed sequellae are unlikely 2004 gao report a government accounting office report of may 2004 chemical and biological defense dod needs to continue to collect and provide information on tests and potentially exposed personnel pp 1 24 stated in 1993 and 1994 we reported that the army chemical corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents this program involved testing nerve agents nerve agent antidotes psycho chemicals and irritants the chemicals were given to volunteer service members at edgewood arsenal maryland dugway proving ground utah and forts benning bragg and mcclellan in total army documents identified 7 120 army and air force personnel who participated in these tests further gao concluded that precise information on the scope and the magnitude of tests involving human subjects was not available and the exact number of human subjects might never be known 43 safety debates edit the official position of the department of defense based on the three volume set of studies by the institute of medicine mentioned above is that they did not detect any significant long term health effects on the edgewood arsenal volunteers 13 the safety record of the edgewood arsenal experiments was also defended in the memoirs of psychiatrist and retired colonel james ketchum a key scientist 44 over a period of 20 years more than 7 000 volunteers spent an estimated total of 14 000 months at edgewood arsenal to my knowledge not one of them died or suffered a serious illness or permanent injury that adds up to 1 167 man years of survival statistically at least one out of a thousand young soldiers chosen at random might be expected to expire during any one year period by this logic edgewood was possibly the safest military place in the world to spend two months as late as 2014 information was incomplete iom could not conduct adequate medical studies related to similar former u s biowarfare programs because relevant classified documents had not been declassified and released the committee s understanding is that additional and potentially relevant material on shad tests exists and remains classified the iom committee requested declassification of 21 additional elements from at least nine documents from dod in august 2012 in january 2014 an additional request was made for release of multiple films made of project shad tests none of the requested materials were cleared for public release as of this writing 2016 45 even a book critical of the program written by lynn c klotz and edward j sylvester acknowledges that unlike the cia program research subjects at edgewood all signed informed consent forms both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in experiments were carried out with safety of subjects a principal focus at edgewood even at the highest doses it often took an hour or more for incapacitating effects to show and the end effects usually did not include full incapacitation let alone unconsciousness after all the edgewood experimenters were focused on disabling soldiers in combat where there would be tactical value simply in disabling the enemy 12 lawsuits edit the u s army believed that legal liability could be avoided by concealing the experiments however once the experiments were uncovered the u s senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned them in the army s tests as with those of the cia individual rights were subordinated to national security considerations informed consent and follow up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests finally the command and control problems which were apparent in the cia s programs are paralleled by a lack of clear authorization and supervision in the army s programs s rep at 411 5 46 in the 1990s the law firm morrison foerster agreed to take on a class action lawsuit against the government related to the edgewood volunteers the plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the test vets in 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations vietnam veterans of america and swords to plowshares and eight edgewood veterans or their families against cia the u s army and other agencies the complaint asked the court to determine that defendants actions were illegal and that the defendants have a duty to notify all victims and to provide them with health care in the suit vietnam veterans of america et al v central intelligence agency et al case no cv 09 0037 cw u s d c n d cal 2009 the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages instead they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the u s government s use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and biological agent testing experiments the plaintiffs cited the use of troops to test nerve gas psychochemicals and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances a failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of u s and international law regarding the use of human subjects including the 1953 wilson directive and the nuremberg code a refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them a deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions actions which were punctuated by fraud deception and a callous disregard for the value of human life on july 24 2013 united states district court judge claudia wilken issued an order granting in part and denying in part plaintiffs motion for summary judgment and granting in part and denying in part defendants motion for summary judgment the court resolved all of the remaining claims in the case and vacated trial the court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment concerning the notice claim summarily adjudicating in plaintiffs favor finding that the army has an ongoing duty to warn and ordering the army through the dva or otherwise to provide test subjects with newly acquired information that may affect their well being that it has learned since its original notification now and in the future as it becomes available the court granted the defendants motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims 47 on appeal in vietnam veterans of america v central intelligence agency a panel majority held in july 2015 that army regulation 70 25 ar 70 25 created an independent duty to provide ongoing medical care to veterans who participated in u s chemical and biological testing programs the prior finding held that the army has an ongoing duty to seek out and provide notice to former test participants of any new information that could potentially affect their health 48 list of notable ea edgewood arsenal numbered chemicals edit ea 1152 diisopropyl fluorophosphate dfp an irreversible anti cholinesterase ea 1205 tabun ga ea 1208 sarin gb ea 1210 soman gd ea 1212 cyclosarin gf ea 1285 tetraethyl pyrophosphate tepp a highly toxic acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ea 1298 methylenedioxyamphetamine mda an analogue and active metabolite of mdma ea 1508 vg ea 1517 ve ea 1653 lsd in tartrate form 49 ea 1664 edemo vm ea 1701 vx ea 1729 lsd in free base form ea 1779 cs gas ea 2092 benactyzine a withdrawn antidepressant and anxiolytic which shows deliriant and hallucinogenic effects ea 2148 a phencyclidine pcp 50 ea 2233 a dimethylheptylpyran variant a synthetic cannabanoid and thc analogue eight individual isomers numbered ea 2233 1 through ea 2233 8 ea 2277 bz substance 78 to soviets ea 3148 a v series nerve agent cyclopentyl s 2 diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate substance 100a to soviets ea 3167 a bz variant ea 3443 a bz variant ea 3528 lsd in maleate form ea 3580 a bz variant ea 3834 a bz variant ea 4929 an enantiomer of the drug dexetimide also known as benzetimide a piperidine anticholinergic ea 4942 etonitazene in free base form an opioid 1 000 to 1 500 times more powerful than morphine ea 5365 gv ea 5823 sarin gb as a binary agent from mixing opa isopropyl alcohol isopropyl amine df list of notable cs chemical structure and cas chemical abstracts service numbered chemicals used in the edgewood arsenal experiments edit the following chemicals were identified by the national academies of sciences engineering and medicine as having been used in the edgewood arsenal experiments though they did not receive an ea number designation 1 cs 12602 tacrine an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and indirect cholinergic agonist parasympathomimetic cs 58525 eserine a highly toxic parasympathomimetic alkaloid specifically a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor cas 59 99 4 neostigmine an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor cas 317 52 2 hexafluronium bromide a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist related to curare cas 155 97 5 pyridostigmine bromide an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor implicated in gulf war syndrome...
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