Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
poetry, literature, era, drama, the, novel, 1603, 1714, victorian, century, of, romanticism, american, modernism, english, and, 1485, 1837, in, prose, 1066, late, middle, period, stuart, 1901, elizabethan, 1558, 1625, 1649, 1660, augustan, 1745, 1798, from, genre, fiction, beginnings, 1923, twentieth, romantic, contents, anglo, saxon, england, old, 449, high, ages, tudor, georgian, 20th, 21st, nobel, prizes, see, also, notes, references, bibliography, external, links, medieval, theatre, before, jacobean, caroline, interregnum, restoration, age, sensibility, sage, writing, to, realism, children, continues, 1939, post, 1940, 2000, literary, criticism, including, precursors, rise, second, generation, other, poets, america, commonwealth, nations, writers,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1298), and (632), english (263), #literature (224), was (172), century (117), from (111), his (92), for (81), with (77), poetry (76), were (72), this (70), john (69), edit (65), novel (64), #literary (62), that (62), are (62), american (61), also (61), period (57), oxford (54), british (53), new (53), victorian (51), poets (51), early (50), thomas (50), england (49), works (48), most (48), first (48), which (47), era (47), important (47), who (44), plays (44), archived (43), language (42), published (42), novels (42), poet (41), fiction (40), press (39), william (39), major (39), other (38), drama (38), late (38), middle (37), george (37), history (36), writers (36), university (35), london (35), retrieved (34), genre (33), has (32), romantic (32), work (32), britannica (31), old (30), james (30), written (30), isbn (29), writing (28), york (28), companion (28), like (28), main (28), one (28), anglo (27), 1996 (27), original (27), theatre (27), its (27), such (27), another (27), famous (27), world (26), into (26), see (26), known (26), article (25), wrote (25), more (25), including (25), became (24), political (24), after (24), encyclopædia (24), but (24), began (24), twentieth (23), romanticism (23), 2013 (23), during (23), significant (23), restoration (22), life (22), time (22), been (22), include (22), prose (21), cambridge (21), vol (21), 2012 (21), novelist (21), charles (20), modernism (20), poems (20), their (20), later (20), writer (20), wayback (19), machine (19), samuel (19), age (19), henry (19), many (19), have (19), among (19), may (18), march (18), irish (18), saxon (18), shakespeare (18), books (18), 978 (18), dictionary (18), carlyle (18), these (18), between (18), author (18), 19th (18), about (17), renaissance (17), guide (17), king (17), play (17), robert (17), had (17), her (17), whose (17), though (17), influence (17), august (16), articles (16), 20th (16), online (16), sir (16), stories (16), born (16), best (16), not (16), movement (16), augustan (15), elizabethan (15), criticism (15), 1603 (15), anthology (15), norton (15), prize (15), popular (15), 18th (15), wikipedia (14), all (14), january (14), short (14), medieval (14), modern (14), library (14), drabble (14), bloomsbury (14), tragedy (14), man (14), nobel (14), edition (14), three (14), eliot (14), richard (14), novelists (14), often (14), second (14), modernist (14), poem (14), number (13), 2016 (13), scottish (13), french (13), 1485 (13), bible (13), children (13), than (13), however (13), both (13), verse (13), national (12), norman (12), south (12), historical (12), biography (12), october (12), part (12), society (12), development (12), book (12), war (12), earliest (12), four (12), developed (12), two (12), when (12), epic (12), 1837 (12), 2015 (11), georgian (11), great (11), eds (11), beowulf (11), 2001 (11), 2017 (11), there (11), web (11), 7th (11), story (11), arthur (11), authors (11), britain (11), nineteenth (11), charlotte (11), now (11), comic (11), romance (11), while (11), career (11), until (11), especially (11), influenced (11), social (11), figure (11), comedy (11), form (11), they (11), saw (11), 1714 (11), last (10), https (10), women (10), com (10), 1907 (10), how (10), hall (10), public (10), long (10), 2000 (10), fantasy (10), ireland (10), years (10), pope (10), ages (10), considered (10), called (10), end (10), stuart (10), under (9), terms (9), page (9), 2021 (9), united (9), african (9), 1660 (9), 1990 (9), johnson (9), mystery (9), smith (9), 2006 (9), academic (9), hardy (9), through (9), alexander (9), jane (9), gothic (9), milton (9), jonson (9), tradition (9), yeats (9), highly (9), well (9), example (9), examples (9), won (9), playwright (9), generation (9), 1950s (9), still (9), beginnings (9), notable (9), high (9), style (9), characters (9), against (9), greatest (9), europe (9), revolution (9), sensibility (9), forms (9), religious (9), jacobean (9), topic (8), toggle (8), citations (8), latin (8), european (8), romantics (8), 2005 (8), 2003 (8), prentice (8), david (8), april (8), september (8), radio (8), ruskin (8), series (8), heroic (8), love (8), austen (8), post (8), tales (8), dryden (8), alfred (8), collection (8), being (8), joseph (8), much (8), successful (8), science (8), only (8), over (8), america (8), publishing (8), 1960s (8), produced (8), realism (8), moral (8), half (8), some (8), based (8), regarded (8), 1901 (8), those (8), tudor (8), 1066 (8), languages (7), inc (7), culture (7), theory (7), encyclopedia (7), sons (7), manuscript (7), princeton (7), margaret (7), philosophy (7), doi (7), penguin (7), 2008 (7), crime (7), november (7), critical (7), geoffrey (7), www (7), before (7), 2022 (7), bbc (7), wordsworth (7), sage (7), keats (7), pre (7), narrative (7), beckett (7), established (7), associated (7), lord (7), created (7), made (7), 1930s (7), continued (7), came (7), inspired (7), throughout (7), seen (7), death (7), common (7), class (7), young (7), out (7), satire (7), themes (7), influential (7), followed (7), genres (7), nature (7), usually (7), romances (7), industrial (7), interregnum (7), 14th (7), chaucer (7), view (6), year (6), pages (6), december (6), links (6), june (6), welsh (6), northern (6), ancient (6), australian (6), canadian (6), 16th (6), ann (6), greene (6), empire (6), rise (6), power (6), edward (6), harold (6), 2004 (6), walter (6), 1986 (6), hill (6), critic (6), scott (6), ebchecked (6), abrams (6), gilbert (6), wit (6), river (6), jstor (6), elizabeth (6), economy (6), 1903 (6), writings (6), webster (6), become (6), letters (6), coleridge (6), blake (6), tale (6), metaphysical (6), ben (6), richardson (6), brought (6), 21st (6), 1939 (6), centuries (6), then (6), she (6), publication (6), him (6), dramatists (6), included (6), cultural (6), set (6), group (6), earlier (6), morality (6), ideas (6), went (6), elements (6), 1886 (6), leading (6), comedies (6), woman (6), described (6), although (6), name (6), people (6), essay (6), popularity (6), economic (6), regarding (6), byron (6), swift (6), standard (6), surviving (6), 17th (6), 1625 (6), 1649 (6), 1558 (6), vernacular (6), subsection (6), using (5), odnb (5), needing (5), references (5), sidebar (5), move (5), different (5), france (5), spanish (5), cornish (5), indian (5), caribbean (5), version (5), volumes (5), wells (5), ward (5), 1991 (5), 2002 (5), soon (5), stage (5), golden (5), alice (5), munro (5), booker (5), prizes (5), introduction (5), auden (5), 1954 (5), international (5), material (5), 2007 (5), 1999 (5), iii (5), browning (5), 1995 (5), art (5), taylor (5), notes (5), volume (5), hero (5), present (5), benjamin (5), oliver (5), 2010 (5), cuddon (5), gazette (5), chapman (5), reformation (5), speaking (5), date (5), francis (5), list (5), commonwealth (5), shaw (5), 1923 (5), india (5), rudyard (5), kipling (5), contemporary (5), section (5), help (5), prominent (5), because (5), decades (5), remembered (5), along (5), achieved (5), professional (5), intellectual (5), issues (5), term (5), used (5), challenged (5), decade (5), anthony (5), cycle (5), found (5), reaction (5), appeared (5), modernists (5), same (5), beginning (5), edwardian (5), performed (5), night (5), any (5), holmes (5), generally (5), dickens (5), would (5), changes (5), shelley (5), ode (5), 1798 (5), sonnet (5), songs (5), personal (5), 1745 (5), journalism (5), sources (5), cavalier (5), translation (5), translations (5), 15th (5), contents (4), search (4), text (4), additional (4), foundation (4), use (4), commons (4), 2023 (4), german (4), dates (4), kingdom (4), org (4), title (4), states (4), studies (4), related (4), luminarium (4), july (4), 1997 (4), tolkien (4), routledge (4), christopher (4), 1881 (4), oclc (4), davies (4), macbeth (4), 1900 (4), success (4), news (4), coetzee (4), naipaul (4), gray (4), foster (4), joyce (4), 2020 (4), february (4), accessed (4), hugh (4), holman (4), upper (4), saddle (4), handbook (4), carol (4), lady (4), 1905 (4), cross (4), green (4), thirty (4), scribner (4), essays (4), head (4), 1913 (4), poe (4), franklin (4), real (4), quincey (4), poetic (4), coquette (4), city (4), 151 (4), temple (4), act (4), homer (4), odyssey (4), julian (4), 1983 (4), words (4), canterbury (4), production (4), population (4), nations (4), scotland (4), dylan (4), doris (4), lessing (4), west (4), 1950 (4), 1932 (4), lewis (4), bernard (4), adding (4), needs (4), chronicles (4), potter (4), performances (4), featuring (4), fictional (4), dominated (4), detective (4), dorothy (4), 1940s (4), playwrights (4), internationally (4), reputation (4), colonies (4), 1966 (4), dominant (4), frequently (4), graham (4), reaching (4), since (4), performance (4), several (4), dramatist (4), tom (4), lives (4), working (4), various (4), mid (4), philosopher (4), prolific (4), music (4), postmodern (4), little (4), transition (4), 1927 (4), reflected (4), turned (4), figures (4), sense (4), precursors (4), wilde (4), operas (4), sullivan (4), 1890s (4), travel (4), longer (4), emily (4), interest (4), reign (4), dramatic (4), adventures (4), friend (4), lost (4), horror (4), sheridan (4), state (4), dialects (4), very (4), led (4), brontë (4), type (4), place (4), what (4), printed (4), introduced (4), sentimental (4), goldsmith (4), folk (4), jonathan (4), tragedies (4), battle (4), translated (4), learn (4), conquest (4), christian (4), allegory (4), caroline (4), complete (4), fletcher (4), revenge (4), 10th (4), gawain (4), hide (4), table (3), legal (3), you (3), wikimedia (3), 2026 (3), wikidata (3), cite (3), italian (3), postcolonial (3), indigenous (3), pakistani (3), zealand (3), chicago (3), catholic (3), regional (3), bibliography (3), discovering (3), via (3), resources (3), stanley (3), waller (3), 1958 (3), critics (3), wyatt (3), robinson (3), tragic (3), kevin (3), cain (3), craig (3), lear (3), toronto (3), philosophers (3), kings (3), subscription (3), access (3), required (3), membership (3), burrow (3), 1093 (3), ref (3), harcourt (3), brace (3), upon (3), 1925 (3), scarlet (3), 1920 (3), macmillan (3), winner (3), master (3), official (3), tomlinson (3), 2011 (3), classics (3), 182 (3), fall (3), ulysses (3), 1988 (3), 167 (3), glossary (3), information (3), powell (3), 1740 (3), brief (3), harmon (3), needed (3), stoker (3), 1998 (3), 179 (3), 1865 (3), today (3), myth (3), louis (3), 156 (3), painters (3), carlylese (3), merriam (3), 124 (3), emerson (3), edgar (3), allan (3), times (3), collins (3), crabbe (3), clare (3), rupert (3), horace (3), 1981 (3), peter (3), revolutionary (3), 2009 (3), virtue (3), burney (3), mary (3), 1665 (3), 1957 (3), iliad (3), 1898 (3), gorboduc (3), reader (3), projects (3), edmund (3), gower (3), knight (3), andrew (3), origin (3), unique (3), 1000 (3), oral (3), character (3), scandinavia (3), 400 (3), million (3), evolved (3), church (3), good (3), 1611 (3), countries (3), wales (3), canada (3), pinter (3), africa (3), derek (3), soyinka (3), isaac (3), patrick (3), white (3), lived (3), 1948 (3), pearl (3), can (3), widespread (3), contributed (3), macabre (3), noted (3), readers (3), seriously (3), particularly (3), audiences (3), identity (3), general (3), hannay (3), spy (3), ian (3), nine (3), 1920s (3), noteworthy (3), includes (3), 1940 (3), anne (3), lawrence (3), did (3), former (3), rushdie (3), fame (3), few (3), scene (3), jean (3), distinguished (3), 1951 (3), closely (3), philip (3), probably (3), existing (3), either (3), adapted (3), own (3), men (3), just (3), stoppard (3), again (3), characterised (3), artistic (3), back (3), create (3), movements (3), manners (3), laureate (3), island (3), human (3), sexual (3), allegorical (3), dance (3), heavily (3), enlightenment (3), difficult (3), importance (3), americans (3), ending (3), produce (3), consciousness (3), jones (3), further (3), virginia (3), continues (3), 1918 (3), 1915 (3), irishman (3), conrad (3), land (3), forster (3), synge (3), lyric (3), publish (3), whitman (3), aristocracy (3), pinafore (3), change (3), serious (3), musical (3), street (3), could (3), our (3), town (3), formal (3), day (3), dickinson (3), illustrator (3), emerged (3), rossetti (3), raphaelite (3), tennyson (3), having (3), matthew (3), arnold (3), adventure (3), featured (3), conan (3), doyle (3), female (3), invasion (3), directly (3), twain (3), way (3), realist (3), hawthorne (3), profound (3), impact (3), transcendentalism (3), collections (3), ballads (3), rural (3), countryside (3), north (3), classes (3), them (3), house (3), rapid (3), government (3), locke (3), essayist (3), nearly (3), effect (3), appearance (3), legend (3), lasting (3), perhaps (3), elegy (3), circle (3), emergence (3), marked (3), independence (3), aristocratic (3), toward (3), voice (3), 1775 (3), brown (3), theatrical (3), presented (3), formation (3), sentimentalism (3), sterne (3), 1742 (3), referred (3), far (3), steele (3), roman (3), audience (3), 1728 (3), opera (3), proper (3), mock (3), remove (3), message (3), please (3), unsourced (3), removed (3), reliable (3), improve (3), puritan (3), court (3), account (3), bunyan (3), primarily (3), blank (3), paradise (3), oldest (3), classical (3), donne (3), started (3), middleton (3), kyd (3), humours (3), beaumont (3), less (3), encompasses (3), printing (3), height (3), 1509 (3), everyman (3), arthurian (3), langland (3), dialect (3), piers (3), plowman (3), wycliffe (3), cædmon (3), saxons (3), tools (3), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), site (2), agree (2), non (2), organization (2), rendered (2), edited (2), categories (2), link (2), range (2), parameter (2), expanded (2), containing (2), incorporating (2), template (2), 2025 (2), child (2), description (2), yale (2), czech (2), republic (2), japan (2), control (2), turkish (2), cypriot (2), swedish (2), gaelic (2), polish (2), jèrriais (2), frisian (2), native (2), topics (2), bangladeshi (2), texas (2), southern (2), jewish (2), spain (2), eighteenth (2), archive (2), victorians (2), canon (2), 1921 (2), print (2), media (2), external (2), erskine (2), van (2), 1916 (2), foreign (2), tillyard (2), 1929 (2), study (2), 143 (2), 415 (2), muir (2), kiernan (2), poetics (2), will (2), greenblatt (2), stephen (2), fulk (2), blackwell (2), 2004b (2), basic (2), global (2), ferguson (2), company (2), dowden (2), marion (2), wynne (2), colin (2), hamlet (2), othello (2), bradley (2), bevington (2), 1977 (2), bate (2), once (2), make (2), pimpernel (2), queens (2), palgrave (2), hilary (2), mantel (2), stan (2), 521 (2), galloway (2), lanark (2), alasdair (2), bunting (2), basil (2), dettmar (2), hanley (2), boy (2), 1972 (2), 176 (2), quarterly (2), 118 (2), 168 (2), runs (2), jim (2), 1741 (2), everett (2), clough (2), christ (2), 1060 (2), bram (2), russia (2), dracula (2), context (2), sartor (2), resartus (2), annual (2), preface (2), martin (2), xvii (2), gardner (2), macdonald (2), winter (2), gaskell (2), tenant (2), wildfell (2), carter (2), 240 (2), juliet (2), gardiner (2), 109 (2), miller (2), 101 (2), 2014 (2), 2018 (2), anthem (2), education (2), cook (2), wedderburn (2), vii (2), allen (2), charing (2), road (2), longmans (2), unto (2), 1904 (2), 1841 (2), worship (2), past (2), 1887 (2), elder (2), ralph (2), waldo (2), yet (2), accepted (2), undoubted (2), monthly (2), holloway (2), argument (2), baudelaire (2), fisher (2), artist (2), frederick (2), 6th (2), colonial (2), litz (2), 1965 (2), 142 (2), 160 (2), worlds (2), traditions (2), 192 (2), duffy (2), 1814 (2), frank (2), whitehead (2), roger (2), encyclopaedia (2), 1830 (2), portraits (2), 1936 (2), reprinted (2), dent (2), opium (2), eater (2), fifth (2), longman (2), contemporaries (2), casey (2), grecian (2), s2cid (2), passion (2), hamilton (2), republican (2), hannah (2), 1989 (2), 135 (2), 221 (2), susanna (2), rowson (2), 1976 (2), castle (2), otranto (2), launched (2), 588 (2), buchan (2), 163 (2), genius (2), jersey (2), fanny (2), pat (2), 1784 (2), 1987 (2), 1724 (2), 100 (2), allardyce (2), nicoll (2), bollingen (2), carroll (2), utopia (2), michael (2), 523 (2), gutenberg (2), 165 (2), 1969 (2), 203 (2), digital (2), malory (2), morte (2), 1978 (2), norwich (2), 1885 (2), gawayne (2), 1909 (2), domain (2), significance (2), cooper (2), ormulum (2), douglas (2), 140 (2), 115 (2), five (2), eadmer (2), 1968 (2), 1899 (2), boethius (2), marsden (2), 162 (2), 171 (2), 127 (2), copied (2), round (2), scholars (2), subject (2), 113 (2), 1953 (2), 2847021 (2), brian (2), lotte (2), hedeager (2), knowledge (2), 177 (2), cameron (2), 412 (2), maddison (2), hope (2), epistle (2), manchester (2), where (2), nigerian (2), hong (2), kong (2), zimbabwe (2), trinidad (2), seamus (2), heaney (2), 1992 (2), lucia (2), walcott (2), nadine (2), gordimer (2), nigeria (2), wole (2), golding (2), 1973 (2), 1962 (2), ernest (2), churchill (2), 1949 (2), 1938 (2), galsworthy (2), journals (2), aspects (2), gained (2), growth (2), alan (2), graphic (2), giant (2), mainstream (2), atwood (2), adams (2), newbery (2), rowling (2), playing (2), 000 (2), staged (2), emma (2), sometimes (2), thriller (2), even (2), protagonist (2), christie (2), together (2), recent (2), award (2), received (2), amongst (2), carson (2), awards (2), each (2), 150 (2), orange (2), party (2), shields (2), things (2), midnight (2), settled (2), salman (2), largest (2), festival (2), least (2), 1883 (2), 1928 (2), country (2), wide (2), sea (2), farm (2), self (2), attempt (2), older (2), henri (2), sound (2), revival (2), starting (2), careers (2), 1960 (2), 1970s (2), aimed (2), break (2), ways (2), martian (2), paul (2), stature (2), contested (2), ranked (2), heir (2), seasons (2), television (2), fact (2), programme (2), 1955 (2), kitchen (2), sink (2), depicts (2), domestic (2), explore (2), angry (2), room (2), distant (2), future (2), too (2), 1975 (2), dystopian (2), twelve (2), military (2), deserted (2), relationships (2), heart (2), orwell (2), aldous (2), huxley (2), postmodernism (2), 1980s (2), final (2), almost (2), living (2), 1906 (2), 187 (2), special (2), express (2), background (2), coal (2), 184 (2), innovator (2), technique (2), others (2), experience (2), stream (2), feminist (2), woolf (2), 1922 (2), demonstration (2), addition (2), arguably (2), passage (2), 181 (2), saga (2), brooke (2), sentimentality (2), caused (2), outrage (2), riots (2), western (2), transitional (2), third (2), foremost (2), gerard (2), manley (2), hopkins (2), certainty (2), truth (2), 1867 (2), walt (2), 500 (2), particular (2), forgotten (2), closer (2), 1895 (2), wisdom (2), oscar (2), 1855 (2), process (2), level (2), formerly (2), culminated (2), length (2), changed (2), improved (2), theatres (2), better (2), values (2), achieve (2), farces (2), hardly (2), free (2), lines (2), depict (2), within (2), penetrating (2), lifetime (2), towards (2), groups (2), 1896 (2), painter (2), translator (2), 1848 (2), meredith (2), brotherhood (2), dante (2), gabriel (2), queen (2), off (2), monologue (2), childhood (2), jungle (2), stevenson (2), looking (2), glass (2), brilliant (2), biographer (2), politics (2), sherlock (2), novella (2), 1872 (2), tells (2), vampire (2), uncle (2), live (2), princess (2), mark (2), pen (2), write (2), local (2), invented (2), 1850 (2), community (2), evil (2), 1880s (2), letter (2), nathaniel (2), isles (2), strong (2), discussion (2), above (2), describes (2), realistic (2), lower (2), dated (2), said (2), 154 (2), morris (2), changing (2), situation (2), 1891 (2), lifestyle (2), trollope (2), admired (2), 1830s (2), system (2), 1847 (2), sisters (2), according (2), imagery (2), reviewers (2), fair (2), bleak (2), abuses (2), poor (2), disraeli (2), reform (2), similar (2), aesthetics (2), sought (2), preached (2), given (2), criticized (2), 1820 (2), washington (2), irving (2), 1813 (2), composers (2), representations (2), evaluation (2), urban (2), landon (2), 117 (2), concern (2), beauty (2), grown (2), fashion (2), close (2), satirists (2), enormous (2), goethe (2), 1778 (2), lake (2), southey (2), mostly (2), lyrical (2), 1789 (2), burns (2), elegiac (2), sonnets (2), landscape (2), wider (2), meditations (2), emotional (2), problem (2), crisis (2), took (2), forces (2), agricultural (2), parts (2), struggled (2), find (2), note (2), resistance (2), six (2), autobiography (2), consequently (2), distinguish (2), itself (2), luminaries (2), key (2), paine (2), tone (2), philosophical (2), sublime (2), 1766 (2), 1759 (2), feeling (2), tristram (2), shandy (2), laurence (2), vicar (2), wakefield (2), pamela (2), rewarded (2), 1740s (2), mortality (2), graveyard (2), 1743 (2), macpherson (2), thomson (2), thoughts (2), pastoral (2), scandal (2), garden (2), moralist (2), single (2), achievements (2), cause (2), switch (2), fielding (2), licensing (2), 1737 (2), addison (2), provoked (2), criminal (2), royal (2), greater (2), congreve (2), vanbrugh (2), 1688 (2), 1744 (2), model (2), ever (2), reflect (2), might (2), themselves (2), respectively (2), evolution (2), adam (2), previous (2), regime (2), twenty (2), pilgrim (2), progress (2), dominate (2), forced (2), stands (2), salvation (2), 1667 (2), temptation (2), dealing (2), biblical (2), developments (2), newspaper (2), lastly (2), 1638 (2), herrick (2), vaughan (2), marvell (2), crashaw (2), herbert (2), completed (2), besides (2), attributed (2), tourneur (2), bussy (2), ambois (2), tragicomedies (2), tragicomedy (2), ruled (2), dream (2), 1592 (2), direction (2), celebrating (2), widely (2), liturgy (2), caxton (2), italy (2), viii (2), 1547 (2), 1553 (2), shift (2), extant (2), miracle (2), telling (2), saint (2), legends (2), lasted (2), 1470s (2), standardise (2), legitimacy (2), chancery (2), alliterative (2), developing (2), scandinavian (2), appears (2), horn (2), helped (2), chronicle (2), courts (2), parliament (2), polite (2), 9th (2), bede (2), seafarer (2), attested (2), ruthwell (2), germanic (2), hymn (2), status (2), despite (2), composition (2), maldon (2), tribes (2), coming (2), huns (2), 449 (2), spoken (2), portal (2), epics (2), lyrics (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, apply, registered, trademark, profit, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, parsoid, utc, hidden, category, cs1, abbreviated, dnb, citation, webarchive, dmy, 2024, indefinitely, protected, index, php, english_literature, oldid, 1370217258, lux, israel, korea, bnf, data, authority, databases, yiddish, venetian, ukrainian, swiss, sorbian, slovene, slovak, silesian, serbian, scots, sardinian, sámi, russian, romanian, portuguese, ossetian, norse, occitan, provençal, norwegian, montenegrin, moldovan, manx, maltese, macedonian, luxembourg, milanese, lombard, lithuanian, latvian, kosovar, kashubian, kazakh, icelandic, hungarian, greek, galician, gagauz, friulian, flemish, finnish, finland, faroese, estonian, dutch, danish, croatian, crimean, tatar, chuvash, catalan, bulgarian, breton, bosnian, belgian, belarusian, basque, azerbaijani, austrian, asturian, aromanian, armenian, aragonese, albanian, abkhaz, literatures, celtic, filipino, oceanic, mexico, latino, hawaii, franco, asian, arab, sign, ethnic, josé, ángel, garcía, landa, zaragoza, philology, ecpa, 1785, seventeenth, 1350, librarything, tagged, google, sites, bartleby, eighteen, your, wikiversity, learning, 393, 31562, trent, sherman, doren, putnam, bell, debt, tucker, monsters, ronald, reuel, scholartis, selection, fred, 35325, sequence, kenneth, arbor, michigan, 472, 08412, 4th, rev, 428, 691, 15491, 420, roland, 7126, 0098, pimlico, malden, 465, 02329, demise, order, lessons, niall, 6461529m, 8164385, appleton, shakspere, leon, 8020, 8605, 1503, 1542, 30111, 053019, shakespearean, lectures, 631, 22719, jovanovich, 179260, jackson, independent, liked, kabatchnik, amnon, scarecrow, opened, immediate, blood, milestone, detection, annotated, repertoire
Text of the page (random words):
ng just as political and economic writing implied or directly addressed religion the restoration moderated most of the more strident sectarian writing but radicalism persisted after the restoration puritan authors such as john milton were forced to retire from public life or adapt and those authors who had preached against monarchy and who had participated directly in the regicide of charles i were partially suppressed consequently violent writings were forced underground and many of those who had served in the interregnum attenuated their positions in the restoration john bunyan stands out beyond other religious authors of the period bunyan s the pilgrim s progress is an allegory of personal salvation and a guide to the christian life john bunyan s the pilgrim s progress 1678 during the restoration period the most common manner of getting news would have been a broadsheet publication a single large sheet of paper might have a written usually partisan account of an event it is impossible to satisfactorily date the beginning of the novel in english however long fiction and fictional biographies began to distinguish themselves from other forms in england during the restoration period an existing tradition of romance fiction in france and spain was popular in england one of the most significant figures in the rise of the novel in the restoration period is aphra behn author of oroonoko 1688 who was not only the first professional female novelist but she may be among the first professional novelists of either sex in england drama edit main articles restoration comedy comedy of manners heroic drama she tragedy restoration spectacular and semi opera as soon as the previous puritan regime s ban on public stage representations was lifted drama recreated itself quickly and abundantly 70 the most famous plays of the early restoration period are the unsentimental or hard comedies of john dryden william wycherley and george etherege which reflect the atmosphere at court and celebrate an aristocratic macho lifestyle of unremitting sexual intrigue and conquest after a sharp drop in both quality and quantity in the 1680s the mid 1690s saw a brief second flowering of the drama especially comedy comedies like william congreve s the way of the world 1700 and john vanbrugh s the relapse 1696 and the provoked wife 1697 were softer and more middle class in ethos very different from the aristocratic extravaganza twenty years earlier and aimed at a wider audience augustan literature beginnings edit main article augustan literature although the term augustan literature is more closely associated with the later georgian era its beginnings are to be found in the late stuart period early examples include a tale of a tub 1704 and an argument against abolishing christianity 1708 by jonathan swift and an essay on criticism 1711 by alexander pope georgian era 1714 1837 edit see also georgian era the georgian era is named after the hanoverian kings george i george ii george iii and george iv the definition of the georgian era is also often extended to include the relatively short reign of william iv which ended with his death in 1837 the georgian era saw the industrial revolution and the emergence of important british enlightenment philosophers like george berkeley david hume and adam smith who followed earlier 1600s philosophers like francis bacon thomas hobbes and john locke augustan literature 1714 1745 edit main article augustan literature this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2016 learn how and when to remove this message augustan literature is a style of british literature produced in the first half of the 18th century and ending in the 1740s with the deaths of alexander pope and jonathan swift in 1744 and 1745 respectively it was a literary epoch that featured the rapid development of the novel an explosion in satire the mutation of drama from political satire into melodrama and an evolution toward poetry of personal exploration in philosophy it was an age increasingly dominated by empiricism while in the writings of political economy it marked the evolution of mercantilism as a formal philosophy the development of capitalism and the triumph of trade the term augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730s who responded to a term that george i of great britain preferred for himself while george i meant the title to reflect his might they instead saw in it a reflection of ancient rome s transition from rough and ready literature to highly political and highly polished literature it is an age of exuberance and scandal of enormous energy and inventiveness and outrage that reflected an era when english welsh scottish and irish people found themselves in the midst of an expanding economy and lowering barriers to education poetry edit main article augustan poetry it was during this time that the poet james thomson produced his melancholy the seasons 1728 1730 and edward young wrote his poem night thoughts 1742 though the most outstanding poet of the age is alexander pope 1688 1744 it is also the era that saw a serious competition over the proper model for the pastoral in criticism poets struggled with a doctrine of decorum of matching proper words with proper sense and of achieving a diction that matched the gravity of a subject at the same time the mock heroic was at its zenith and pope s rape of the lock 1712 1717 and the dunciad 1728 1743 are still considered to be the greatest mock heroic poems ever written 71 pope also translated the iliad 1715 1720 and the odyssey 1725 1726 since his death pope has been in a constant state of re evaluation 72 drama edit main article augustan drama drama in the early part of the period featured the last plays of john vanbrugh and william congreve both of whom carried on the restoration comedy with some alterations however the majority of stagings were of lower farces and much more serious and domestic tragedies george lillo and richard steele both produced highly moral forms of tragedy where the characters and the concerns of the characters were wholly middle class or working class this reflected a marked change in the audience for plays as royal patronage was no longer the important part of theatrical success additionally colley cibber and john rich began to battle each other for greater and greater spectacles to present on stage the figure of harlequin was introduced and pantomime theatre began to be staged this low comedy was quite popular and the plays became tertiary to the staging opera also began to be popular in london and there was significant literary resistance to this italian incursion in 1728 john gay returned to the playhouse with the beggar s opera the licensing act 1737 brought an abrupt halt to much of the period s drama as the theatres were once again brought under state control prose including the novel edit main article augustan prose in prose the earlier part of the period was overshadowed by the development of the english essay joseph addison and richard steele s the spectator established the form of the british periodical essay however this was also the time when the english novel was first emerging daniel defoe turned from journalism and writing criminal lives for the press to writing fictional criminal lives with moll flanders 1722 and roxana 1724 he also wrote robinson crusoe 1719 jonathan swift if addison and steele were dominant in one type of prose then jonathan swift author of the satire gulliver s travels was in another in a modest proposal and the drapier letters swift reluctantly defended the irish people from the predations of colonialism this provoked riots and arrests but swift who had no love of irish roman catholics was outraged by the abuses he saw an effect of the licensing act 1737 was to cause more than one aspiring playwright to switch over to writing novels henry fielding began to write prose satire and novels after his plays could not pass the censors in the interim samuel richardson had produced pamela or virtue rewarded 1740 and henry fielding attacked what he saw as the absurdity of this novel in shamela 1741 and joseph andrews 1742 age of sensibility 1745 1798 edit samuel johnson see also moral sense theory sensibility sentimental novel sentimentalism literature and sentimentality this period is known as the age of sensibility but it is also sometimes described as the age of johnson 73 samuel johnson often referred to as dr johnson was an english author who made lasting contributions to english literature as a poet essayist moralist literary critic biographer editor and lexicographer johnson has been described as arguably the most distinguished man of letters in english history 74 after nine years of work johnson s a dictionary of the english language was published in 1755 and it had a far reaching effect on modern english and has been described as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship 75 the second half of the 18th century saw the emergence of three major irish authors oliver goldsmith richard brinsley sheridan and laurence sterne goldsmith is the author of the vicar of wakefield 1766 a pastoral poem the deserted village 1770 and two plays the good natur d man 1768 and she stoops to conquer 1773 sheridan s first play the rivals 1775 was performed at covent garden and was an instant success he went on to become the most significant london playwright of the late 18th century with a play like the school for scandal both goldsmith and sheridan reacted against the sentimental comedy of the 18th century theatre writing plays closer to the style of restoration comedy 76 sterne published his famous novel tristram shandy in parts between 1759 and 1767 77 in 1778 frances burney wrote evelina one of the first novels of manners 78 fanny burney s novels were enjoyed and admired by jane austen 79 precursors of romanticism edit the romantic movement in english literature of the early 19th century has its roots in 18th century poetry the gothic novel and the novel of sensibility 80 81 this includes the graveyard poets from the 1740s and later whose works are characterised by gloomy meditations on mortality to this was added by later practitioners a feeling for the sublime and uncanny and an interest in ancient english poetic forms and folk poetry 82 important examples of graveyard poetry include night thoughts 1742 45 by edward young 83 the grave 1743 by robert blair and elegy written in a country churchyard 1751 by thomas gray 84 other precursors are james thomson and james macpherson 81 james macpherson was the first scottish poet to gain an international reputation with his claim to have found poetry written by the ancient bard ossian 85 the sentimental novel or novel of sensibility is a genre which developed during the second half of the 18th century it celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment sentimentalism and sensibility sentimentalism which is to be distinguished from sensibility was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction which began in the 18th century in reaction to the rationalism of the augustan age 86 among the most famous sentimental novels in english are samuel richardson s pamela or virtue rewarded 1740 and clarissa or the history of a young lady 1748 oliver goldsmith s vicar of wakefield 1766 laurence sterne s tristram shandy 1759 67 and henry mackenzie s the man of feeling 1771 87 significant foreign influences were the germans goethe schiller and august wilhelm schlegel and french philosopher and writer jean jacques rousseau 88 edmund burke s a philosophical enquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful 1757 is another important influence 89 the changing landscape brought about by the industrial revolution and british agricultural revolution was another influence on the growth of the romantic movement in britain in the late 18th century horace walpole s 1764 novel the castle of otranto created the gothic fiction genre that combines elements of horror and romance 90 ann radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the gothic villain which developed into the byronic hero her the mysteries of udolpho 1795 is frequently cited as the archetypal gothic novel 91 rise of american literature edit the successful war of independence led by colonists in british north america from 1775 to 1783 resulted in the formation of the united states this consequently led to the divergence of english letters in what became the united states from the mainstream of english literature resulting in the development of a new american literature that sought to distinguish itself as part of the formation of a new american social and cultural identity this was the first english language literature to develop outside of the british isles the late colonial period already saw the publication of important prose tracts reflecting the political debates that culminated in the american revolution written by important luminaries such as samuel adams josiah quincy john dickinson and joseph galloway the last being a loyalist to the crown two key figures were benjamin franklin and thomas paine franklin s poor richard s almanack and the autobiography of benjamin franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding american identity paine s pamphlet common sense and the american crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the time during the revolutionary war poems and songs such as nathan hale were popular major satirists included john trumbull and francis hopkinson philip morin freneau also wrote poems about the war in the post war period thomas jefferson established his place in american literature through his authorship of the declaration of independence his influence on the u s constitution his autobiography his notes on the state of virginia and his many letters the federalist essays by alexander hamilton james madison and john jay presented a significant historical discussion of american government organization and republican values fisher ames james otis and patrick henry are also valued for their political writings and orations early american literature struggled to find a unique voice in existing literary genre and this tendency was reflected in novels european styles were frequently imitated but critics usually considered the imitations inferior in the late 18th and early 19th centuries the first american novels were published these fictions were too lengthy to be printed for public reading publishers took a chance on these works in hopes they would become steady sellers and need to be reprinted this scheme was ultimately successful because male and female literacy rates were increasing at the time among the first american novels are thomas attwood digges s adventures of alonso published in london in 1775 and wi...
|
