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wo other scripts though khutsuri nuskhuri with asomtavruli was used until the 19th century mkhedruli became the universal writing georgian system outside of the church in the 19th century with the establishment and development of printed georgian fonts 60 mkhedruli is potentially a bicameral script with capital letters that are called mkhedruli mtavruli მხედრული მთავრული or simply mtavruli მთავრული georgian pronunciation mtʰavɾuli nowadays mkhedruli mtavruli is only used in all caps text in titles or to emphasize a word though in the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was occasionally used as in latin and cyrillic scripts to capitalize proper nouns or the first word of a sentence contemporary georgian script does not recognize capital letters and their usage has become decorative 61 form of mkhedruli letters edit mkhedruli inscriptions of the 10th and 11th centuries are characterized in rounding of angular shapes of nuskhuri letters and making the complete outlines in all of its letters mkhedruli letters are written in the four linear system similar to nuskhuri mkhedruli becomes more round and free in writing it breaks the strict frame of the previous two alphabets asomtavruli and nuskhuri mkhedruli letters begin to get coupled and more free calligraphy develops 62 example of one of the oldest mkhedruli written texts found in the royal charter of king bagrat iv of georgia 11th century gurgen king of kings great grandfather of mine bagrat curopalates coin of queen tamar of georgia in mkhedruli 1187 ad modern georgian alphabet edit the modern georgian alphabet consists of 33 letters ა ani ბ bani გ gani დ doni ე eni ვ vini ზ zeni თ tani ი ini კ k ani ლ lasi მ mani ნ nari ო oni პ p ari ჟ zhani რ rae ს sani ტ t ari უ uni ფ pari ქ kani ღ ghani ყ q ari შ shini ჩ chini ც tsani ძ dzili წ ts ili ჭ ch ari ხ khani ჯ jani ჰ hae letters removed from the georgian alphabet edit the society for the spreading of literacy among georgians founded by prince ilia chavchavadze in 1879 discarded five letters from the georgian alphabet that had become redundant 29 ჱ e merve ჲ iota ჳ vie ჴ khari ჵ hoe ჱ georgian ე მერვე romanized e merve 63 eighth e e̞j roughly like the ay in p ay svan eː like the e in egg in some american and canadian accents sometimes called ei 64 was equivalent to ეჲ ey as in ქრისტჱ ქრისტეჲ kristʼey christ ჲ georgian იოტა romanized iot a 63 j like the word yeah appeared for the sound j after a vowel დედაჲ deday mother რაჲ 65 ray what but was dropped from the pronunciation and abolished from the spelling thus ქრისტჱ ქრისტეჲ kristʼey christ is now written ქრისტე kristʼe ჳ georgian ვიე romanized vie wi vi like a cluster of the oo in too and the i in ill svan w like the w in water 63 came to be pronounced the same as ვი vi and was replaced by that sequence as in სხჳსი სხვისი skhvisi others ჴ georgian ხარი ჴარი romanized khari ẖari 66 qari hari q ʰ like the arabic qof 63 came to be pronounced the same as ხ khani and was replaced by it e g ჴელმწიფე qelmtsʼipe became ხელმწიფე khelmtsʼipe sovereign ჵ georgian ჰოე romanized hoe oː somewhat like the american o in go 63 was used for the interjection hoi and is now spelled ჰოი also used in bats for the ʕ or ɦ sound all but ჵ hoe continue to be used in the svan alphabet ჲ hie is used in the mingrelian and laz alphabets as well for the y sound j several others were used for abkhaz and ossetian in the short time they were written in mkhedruli script letters added to other alphabets edit mkhedruli has been adapted to languages besides georgian some of these alphabets retained letters obsolete in georgian while others acquired additional letters ჶ fi ჷ shva ჸ elifi ჹ turned gani ჺ aini ჼ modifier letter nar ჽ aen ჾ hard sign ჿ labial sign ჶ fi phi is used in laz and svan and formerly in ossetian and abkhazian 1 it derives from the greek letter φ phi ჷ shva schwa also called yn is used for the schwa sound in svan and mingrelian and formerly in ossetian and abkhazian 1 ჸ elifi alif is used in for the glottal stop in svan and mingrelian as well as in the tushetian dialect of georgian 1 it is a reversed ყ q ari ჹ turned gani was once used for ɢ in evangelical literature in dagestanian languages 1 ჼ modifier nar is used in bats it nasalizes the preceding vowel 67 ჺ aini ain is occasionally used for ʕ in bats 1 it derives from the arabic letter ع ʿayn ჽ aen was used in the ossetian language when it was written in the georgian script it was pronounced ə 68 ჾ hard sign was used in abkhaz for velarization of the preceding consonant 69 ჿ labial sign was used in abkhaz for labialization of the preceding consonant 69 handwriting of mkhedruli edit the following table shows the stroke order and direction of each mkhedruli letter 70 71 72 ზ ო and ხ zeni oni khani are almost always written without the small tick at the end while the handwritten form of ჯ jani often uses a vertical line sometimes with a taller ascender or with a diagonal cross bar even when it is written at a diagonal the cross bar is generally shorter than in print only four letters are x height with neither ascenders nor descenders ა თ ი ო thirteen have ascenders like b or d in english ბ ზ მ ნ პ რ ს შ ჩ ძ წ ხ ჰ an equal number have descenders like p or q in english გ დ ე ვ კ ლ ჟ ტ უ ფ ღ ყ ც three letters have both ascenders and descenders like þ in old english ქ ჭ and in handwriting ჯ წ sometimes has both ascender and descender in handwriting 73 variation edit stylistic variation of letters რ and ლ on a street name sign for rustaveli avenue showing variations in the name rustaveli with რ უსთავე ლ ის resembling ɦ უსთავე ჺ ის mtavruli i e all caps text on a georgian police car a commemorative plaque using mkhedruli for the upper four lines and mtavruli for the lower two with each line written in a different typeface and showing variant glyphs like დ with a single curl and ჯ with reduced second stroke a ligature of და and with ა placed above დ can be seen in the fourth line there is individual and stylistic variation in many of the letters for example the top circle of ზ zeni and the top stroke of რ rae may go in the other direction than shown in the chart that is counter clockwise starting at 3 o clock and upwards see the external link section for videos of people writing other common variants გ gani may be written like ვ vini with a closed loop at the bottom დ doni is frequently written with a simple loop at top კ ც and ძ k ani tsani dzili are generally written with straight vertical lines at the top so that for example ც tsani resembles a u with a dimple in the right side ლ lasi is frequently written with a single arc a little like a greek rho symbol ϱ even when all three are written they re generally not all the same size as they are in print but rather riding on one wide arc like two dimples in it rarely ო oni is written as a right angle რ rae is frequently written with one arc like a latin h ტ t ari often has a small circle with a tail hanging into the bowl rather than two small circles as in print or as an o with a straight vertical line intersecting the top it may also be rotated a bit clockwise with the small circles further to the right and not as close to the top წ ts ili is generally written with a round bowl at the bottom another variation features a triangular bowl ჭ ch ari may be written without the hook at the top and often with a completely straight vertical line ჱ he may be written without the loop like a conflation of ს and ჰ ჯ jani is sometimes written so that it looks like a hooked version of the latin x similar letters edit several letters are similar and may be confused at first especially in handwriting for ვ vini and კ k ani the distinguishing factor is whether the top is a full arc or a more or less vertical line for ვ vini and გ gani the distinguishing factor is whether the bottom is an open curve or closed a loop the same is true of უ uni and შ shini in handwriting the tops may look the same similarly ს sani and ხ khani for კ k ani and პ p ari the distinguishing factor is whether the letter is written below or above x height and whether it s written top down or bottom up in mtavruli all letters have the same height and vertical positioning so these differences disappear as a result კ k ani and პ p ari can only be distinguished by the length and slight curving of the upper stroke for მ mani and ძ dzili the distinguishing factor is ძ dzili is written with a vertical top ligatures abbreviations and calligraphy edit part of a series on calligraphy by script arabic arabic islamic turkish persian brahmic indian tibetan cyrillic serbian vyaz georgian east asian chinese japanese korean mongolian latin western vietnamese v t e asomtavruli is often highly stylized and writers readily formed ligatures intertwined letters and placed letters within letters or other such monograms 74 a ligature of the asomtavruli letters ⴃ ⴀ და da and nuskhuri like asomtavruli is also often highly stylized writers readily formed ligatures and abbreviations for nomina sacra including diacritics called karagma which resemble titla because writing materials such as vellum were scarce and therefore precious abbreviating was a practical measure widespread in manuscripts and hagiography by the 11th century 75 a nuskhuri abbreviation of რომელი romeli which a nuskhuri abbreviation of იესუ ქრისტე iesu kriste jesus christ mkhedruli in the 11th to 17th centuries also came to employ digraphs to the point that they were obligatory requiring adherence to a complex system 75 a mkhedruli ligature of და da and mkhedruli calligraphy of prince garsevan chavchavadze and king archil ii typefaces edit georgian scripts come in only a single type face though word processors can apply automatic fake 76 oblique and bold formatting to georgian text traditionally asomtavruli was used for chapter or section titles where latin script might use bold or italic type punctuation edit in asomtavruli and nuskhuri punctuation various combinations of dots were used as word dividers and to separate phrases clauses and paragraphs in monumental inscriptions and manuscripts of 5th to 10th centuries these were written as dashes like and in the 10th century clusters of one two three and six dots later sometimes small circles were introduced by ephrem mtsire to indicate increasing breaks in the text one dot indicated a minor stop presumably a simple word break two dots marked or separated special words three dots for a bigger stop such as the appositive name and title the sovereign alexander below or the title of the gospel of matthew above and six dots were to indicate the end of the sentence starting in the 11th century marks resembling the apostrophe and comma came into use an apostrophe was used to mark an interrogative word and a comma appeared at the end of an interrogative sentence from the 12th century on these were replaced with the semicolon the greek question mark in the 18th century patriarch anton i of georgia reformed the system again with commas single dots and double dots used to mark complete incomplete and final sentences respectively 77 for the most part georgian today uses the punctuation as in international usage of the latin script 78 signature of king alexander ii of kakheti with the divider ჴლმწიფე ალექსანდრე the sovereign alexander summary edit the georgian letter ვ is on the wikipedia logo lower left the alphabetic tower seen on panorama of georgia s port city of batumi this table lists the three scripts in parallel columns including the letters that are now obsolete in all alphabets shown with a blue background obsolete in georgian but still used in other alphabets green background or additional letters in languages other than georgian pink background the national transliteration is the system used by the georgian government whereas laz is the latin laz alphabet used in turkey the table also shows the traditional numeric values of the letters 79 letters unicode mkhedruli name ipa transcriptions numeric value asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli mtavruli national iso 9984 bgn laz ⴀ ⴀ ა ა u 10d0 ani ɑ svan a æ a a a a a a a a 1 ⴁ ⴁ ბ ბ u 10d1 bani b b b b b b b b b 2 ⴂ ⴂ გ გ u 10d2 gani ɡ g g g g g g g g 3 ⴃ ⴃ დ დ u 10d3 doni d d d d d d d d d 4 ⴄ ⴄ ე ე u 10d4 eni ɛ e e e e e e e e 5 ⴅ ⴅ ვ ვ u 10d5 vini v v v v v v v v v 6 ⴆ ⴆ ზ ზ u 10d6 zeni z z z z z z z z z 7 ⴡ ⴡ ჱ ჱ u 10f1 he eɪ svan eː ē ē ey ey 8 ⴇ ⴇ თ თ u 10d7 tani t ʰ t t tʼ tʼ tʼ tʼ t t 9 ⴈ ⴈ ი ი u 10d8 ini i i i i i i i i i 10 ⴉ ⴉ კ კ u 10d9 kʼani kʼ kʼ kʼ k k k k ǩ ǩ 20 ⴊ ⴊ ლ ლ u 10da lasi l l l l l l l l l 30 ⴋ ⴋ მ მ u 10db mani m m m m m m m m m 40 ⴌ ⴌ ნ ნ u 10dc nari n n n n n n n n n 50 ⴢ ⴢ ჲ ჲ u 10f2 hie je mingrelian laz svan j y y j j y y 60 ⴍ ⴍ ო ო u 10dd oni ɔ svan ɔ œ o o o o o o o o 70 ⴎ ⴎ პ პ u 10de pʼari pʼ pʼ pʼ p p p p p̌ p̌ 80 ⴏ ⴏ ჟ ჟ u 10df zhani ʒ zh zh ž ž zh zh j j 90 ⴐ ⴐ რ რ u 10e0 rae r r r r r r r r r 100 ⴑ ⴑ ს ს u 10e1 sani s s s s s s s s s 200 ⴒ ⴒ ტ ტ u 10e2 tʼari tʼ tʼ tʼ t t t t ť t͏̌ 300 ⴣ ⴣ ჳ ჳ u 10f3 vie uɪ svan w w w 400 b ⴓ ⴓ უ უ u 10e3 uni u svan u y u u u u u u u u 400 b ⴧ ⴧ ჷ ჷ u 10f7 yn schva mingrelian svan ə ⴔ ⴔ ფ ფ u 10e4 pari p ʰ p p pʼ pʼ pʼ pʼ p p 500 ⴕ ⴕ ქ ქ u 10e5 kani k ʰ k k kʼ kʼ kʼ kʼ k k 600 ⴖ ⴖ ღ ღ u 10e6 ghani ɣ gh gh ḡ ḡ gh gh ğ ğ 700 ⴗ ⴗ ყ ყ u 10e7 qʼari qʼ qʼ qʼ q q q q q q 800 ჸ ჸ u 10f8 elif mingrelian svan ʔ ⴘ ⴘ შ შ u 10e8 shini ʃ sh sh š š sh sh ş ş 900 ⴙ ⴙ ჩ ჩ u 10e9 chini tʃ ʰ ch ch čʼ čʼ chʼ chʼ ç ç 1000 ⴚ ⴚ ც ც u 10ea tsani ts ʰ ts ts cʼ cʼ tsʼ tsʼ ʒ ʒ 2000 ⴛ ⴛ ძ ძ u 10eb dzili dz dz dz j j dz dz ž ž 3000 ⴜ ⴜ წ წ u 10ec tsʼili tsʼ tsʼ tsʼ c c ts ts ǯ ǯ 4000 ⴝ ⴝ ჭ ჭ u 10ed chʼari tʃʼ chʼ chʼ č č ch ch ç̌ ç̌ 5000 ⴞ ⴞ ხ ხ u 10ee khani χ kh kh x x kh kh x x 6000 ⴤ ⴤ ჴ ჴ u 10f4 qari hari q ʰ ẖ ẖ qʼ 7000 ⴟ ⴟ ჯ ჯ u 10ef jani dʒ j j ǰ ǰ j j c c 8000 ⴠ ⴠ ჰ ჰ u 10f0 hae h h h h h h h h h 9000 ⴥ ⴥ ჵ ჵ u 10f5 hoe oː bats ʕ ɦ ō ō 10000 ჶ ჶ u 10f6 fi laz f f f f f ჹ ჹ u 10f9 turned gani dagestanian languages ɢ in evangelical literature 1 ჺ ჺ u 10fa aini bats ʕ 1 ჼ u 10fc modifier nar bats ̃ nasalization of preceding vowel 67 ⴭ ⴭ ჽ ჽ u 10fd aen 69 ossetian ə 68 ჾ ჾ u 10fe hard sign 69 abkhaz velarization of preceding consonant 69 ჿ ჿ u 10ff labial sign 69 abkhaz labialization of preceding consonant 69 use for other non kartvelian languages edit old avar cross with avar inscriptions in asomtavruli script left ossetian text written in mkhedruli script from a book on ossetian folklore published in south ossetia in 1940 the non georgian letters ჶ f and ჷ ə can be seen northwest caucasian languages edit abkhaz until the 1940s 80 circassian historically later replaced in the 17th century by arabic and by the cyrillic script in the 20th century 81 82 northeast caucasian languages edit ingush historically later replaced in the 17th century by arabic and by the cyrillic script in the 20th century 83 chechen historically later replaced in the 17th century by arabic and by the cyrillic script in the 20th century 84 avar historically later replaced in the 17th c...
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