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n 4 morphology toggle morphology subsection 4 1 eggs 4 2 larvae 4 3 pupae 4 4 adult 5 reproduction and development toggle reproduction and development subsection 5 1 mating system 5 2 life cycle 6 behavior 7 ecology toggle ecology subsection 7 1 larval food plants 7 2 predation 7 3 defense mechanisms 7 4 pollination 8 relationship to people toggle relationship to people subsection 8 1 pests 8 2 research 8 3 conservation 9 popular culture 10 references 11 further reading 12 external links toggle the table of contents nymphalis antiopa 46 languages alemannisch aragonés asturianu башҡортса беларуская български català cebuano corsu čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français frysk gaeilge galego magyar հայերեն гӏалгӏай íslenska italiano 日本語 lietuvių latviešu македонски кырык мары plattdüütsch nederlands norsk bokmål polski piemontèis پنجابی português русский српски srpski svenska türkçe українська winaray 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikispecies wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from mourning cloak species of butterfly nymphalis antiopa upperside underside conservation status secure natureserve 1 scientific classification kingdom animalia phylum arthropoda clade pancrustacea class insecta order lepidoptera family nymphalidae genus nymphalis species n antiopa binomial name nymphalis antiopa linnaeus 1758 nymphalis antiopa known as the mourning cloak in north america and the camberwell beauty in britain is a large butterfly native to eurasia and north america the immature form of this species is sometimes known as the spiny elm caterpillar 2 other older names for this species include grand surprise and white petticoat a powerful flier this species is sometimes found in areas far from its usual range during migration these butterflies have a lifespan of 11 to 12 months one of the longest lifespans for any butterfly 3 it is the state insect of the u s state of montana adopted in 2001 4 etymology edit the specific epithet antiopa is thought to be derived from antiope a common name in greek mythology 5 north american name mourning cloak edit in several european countries with germanic languages other than britain the name for this butterfly literally translates to mourning cloak such as german trauermantel dutch rouwmantel swedish sorgmantel and norwegian sørgekåpe finnish suruvaippa is also a calque of the germanic names this suggests it is a name which came with scandinavian or german rather than with british settlers for whom this species would be considerably less familiar 6 7 other common names include czech černopláštník babočka osiková polish rusałka żałobnik russian траурница japanese キベリタテハ chinese 黄縁立羽 l hugh newman likened the butterfly s pattern to a girl who disliking having to be in mourning defiantly let a few inches of a bright dress show below her mourning dress british name camberwell beauty edit the name originated from the discovery of two individuals at coldharbour lane in camberwell in august 1748 8 camberwell is in south london about three miles south of london bridge in reporting this the author moses harris named the species grand surprise or camberwell beauty bretherton emmet 1990 in britain the english name is camberwell beauty but the welsh name is y fantell alar which means mourning cloak 9 subspecies edit subspecies include 10 11 n a antiopa linnaeus 1758 the nominotypical subspecies type locality sweden n a hyperborea seitz 1913 canada alaska this subspecies lays more amber yellow eggs instead of the olive green as the eggs develop the coloration will change to lilac pinkish purple these larvae s spines are shorter and stouter than those of european mourning cloak larvae 12 and the spots bordering the wing edges may be more of a violet color n a lintnerii fitch 1857 slightly larger than preceding se canada eastern us n a asopos fruhstorfer 1909 japan distribution edit the mourning cloak butterflies are distributed broadly around the northern hemisphere 10 they are commonly found throughout all of north america and northern eurasia 13 three subspecies of mourning cloak butterflies are found throughout north america northern nymphalis antiopa hyperborea seitz 1913 eastern n a lintnerii fitch 1857 southwestern n a thomsoni butler 1887 they can usually be found in hardwood forests though they have been found in virtually all habitats 14 they may also be found as far as the northern part of south america though they are typically not seen as frequently in southern states such as florida louisiana or texas they are also found in temperate and even arctic asia 8 migrants arrive in great britain most years during summer and autumn but numbers are usually very low there is no evidence that the species breeds in britain it is thought that mild wet winters prevent them from surviving there for very long the butterfly farmer l hugh newman raised thousands for release at his farm in bexley but none were seen the following spring specimens stored in his refrigerator for the winter however survived in a book he said that camberwell beauty catches in england were suspiciously concentrated around london hull and harwich all these being ports in the timber trade with scandinavia and theorized that they had hibernated in stacks of timber which was then shipped to england and had not traveled naturally morphology edit eggs edit mourning cloak eggs are amber yellow or pale olive green when first laid 11 upon further development the coloration of the eggs will change becoming lilac pink and darkening to almost black as they mature prior to hatching 3 the eggs are generally 0 7 by 0 9 mm in size 8 laid on terminal shoots of the larval food plant encircling the stem later in season when the leaves appear females also lay the eggs on the upper surface larvae edit caterpillar of nymphalis antiopa the spiny caterpillars are striking in appearance with black bodies and a line of eight reddish orange dots running down the back aposematic warning coloration the prolegs are dark red the body is covered with short hairs and black spines and white dots 2 the fully grown mourning cloak caterpillars attain two inches in length 3 pupae edit mourning cloak pupae are on average 0 8 inches 2 0 cm in length though they can reach over 1 1 inches 2 8 cm in length they tend to be a tan or brown gray with two rows of sharp red tipped spikes protruding from the ventro lateral side of the pupae the chrysalis has a beak tubercles and two head horns 8 15 adult edit the mourning cloak butterfly is a large unique butterfly with special markings that do not match those of any other butterfly making it easily distinguishable it can have a wingspan up to four inches the dorsal side of its wings are a dark maroon or occasionally brown with ragged pale yellow edges bright iridescent blue spots line the black demarcation between the maroon and the yellow 3 the ventral side of the wings has gray striations with the same pale yellow edges 8 they are a part of the family nymphalidae called the brush footed butterflies due to their hairy front legs the species does not display any obvious sexual dimorphism 3 male dorsal side male ventral side aberrant form ex larva aberrant form ex larva reproduction and development edit mating system edit mourning cloak butterflies display polygynous mating behavior where an individual male will mate with multiple females throughout one breeding season he will either use a display site to attract females or fly around searching for females that are more widely dispersed in a process called scramble competition polygyny 16 this means that male mourning cloak butterflies primarily lek or display territorial behavior in which they settle and defend desirable areas such as those that either offer increased probability of females or those that provide ample amounts of good resources 17 the more desirable territories will be able to increase the males chances of reproductive success thus lekking maximizes the males ability to attract the most female butterflies either by being in a prime location to view them or to have a location that females would want to visit 18 locations of choice typically include sunny perches near ravines 17 wood margins parks gardens lakes ponds around stream edges 19 or canyons in which males can perch and defend for multiple days 18 these locations can be more than an area of 300 square meters 8 given the male male competition for mating this strategy offers males an ideal location in order to maximize success in territorial protection and thus mating 18 despite the fact that butterflies particularly the mourning cloak butterflies have an affinity for perches on high objects they are not known to display any hilltopping behavior where male butterflies fly up to perch on hill summits 19 20 spring marks the beginning of their mating season when female mourning cloaks will find a host plant and begin to lay their eggs adult mourning cloak butterflies can first be seen in late spring through early summer they then aestivate for the summer where they will enter into a dormant state similar to that of hibernation in concordance with this is the mourning cloak butterflies exhibition of diapause 21 which is a suspension in development in response to certain conditions such as environmental stimuli they will break diapause once some though not all of the butterflies start to migrate through september and october they then overwinter and then restart their mating cycle throughout the spring from april through june 13 life cycle edit illustration from the papilios of great britain mourning cloaks like all other butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis 8 egg larva l1 l5 pupa adult before the leaves bud out mourning cloaks are known to lay their eggs as ring clusters around the terminal twigs on host plants the host plant selection is vital because it provides the food source for the young caterpillars females are known to have multiple broods 19 typically up to two to three 8 the newly hatched caterpillars will group together until they shed their skin termed an instar for each shedding this shedding event occurs four times throughout development in a process called ecdysis the larvae experience a fifth skin shed to produce a fully grown caterpillar 8 the next stage in the mourning cloak s life cycle is to morph into a pupa and then cocoon in a process that encases the creature in a tan or gray chrysalis which will hang from the stems of grass this pupa stage allows for resting and further maturation 3 this metamorphosis takes approximately fifteen days 22 following development as the chrysalis is the emergence of an adult mourning cloak butterfly 8 studies show that the mourning cloaks use endocrine mechanisms similar to other lepidopterans to regulate female specific protein synthesis oogenesis and male and female reproductive gland development juvenile hormone jh is involved in the regulation of oogenesis and development of the male and female reproductive glands in the mourning cloak butterfly 23 behavior edit the adult butterflies hibernate during the winter months typical locations of overwintering include tree cavities and on the ground underneath loose tree bark covered by snow 3 they often emerge from hibernation before the snow has completely melted making it one of the first butterflies to take wing in the spring 8 the mourning cloak is a non migratory species but some sources suggest that a portion of the north american population migrates southward 5 experiments carried out in germany by hubert roer in 1962 68 documented a long distance one way migration from bonn to greece chalkiditi 24 ecology edit mourning cloak nectaring on cherry blossoms larval food plants edit upon hatching the caterpillars will begin to eat the leaves of the larval food plant a large number of food plant plants was recorded such as willow salix nigra salix pentandra salix caprea salix aurita salix cinerea salix phylicifolia american elm hackberry hawthorn wild rose betula species betula verrucosa betula chinensis alnus incana and poplar 10 the caterpillars live gregariously in communal silken nest on the host plant until they disperse prior to pupation 3 adult mourning cloaks primarily feed on sap ripe and fallen fruits and sugary exudate from aphids very rarely seen nectaring on flowers 25 predation edit the mourning cloak butterfly faces many predators throughout its development the mourning cloak s eggs can be eaten by predators such as beetles true bugs ants beetle larvae wasps assassin bugs and mites 22 some of the butterflies major predators include praying mantises assassin bugs dragon flies and vertebrate predators such as birds reptiles amphibians and mammals defense mechanisms edit an anti predation mechanism the mourning cloaks have employed as adult butterflies is camouflage to do this the butterflies fold their wings back when attached to trees as their folded wings will provide camouflage against the dark backdrop of the trees 3 8 an additional anti predation tactic used by the mourning cloaks is to join together with other butterflies in a perch and fly menacingly towards their attackers most often birds or other butterflies mourning cloaks also play dead by closing their wings tightly together and tucking their legs up against their body for protection and holding completely still they will maintain this for a few minutes before returning to their natural healthy and lively behavior further defense mechanisms include loud clicks when the mourning cloak flies away from a predator 26 to protect themselves from the cold weather of their habitats mourning cloaks will find areas under direct sunlight this behavior in conjunction with their darkly colored wings allows for maximum heat absorption 8 newly hatched mourning cloak caterpillars can display selfish behavior such as siblicide by eating non hatched eggs 22 the larvae also group together for the duration of their development preventing some predation by numbers 16 the larvae and pupae can also respond to disturbances by twitching simultaneously this may be performed as a defense mechanism 8 pollination edit mourning cloak butterflies are not known to be significant pollinators since their primary food source is sap of deciduous trees rather than flowering plants however they still can occasionally act as pollinators 8 27 relationship to people edit pests edit on occasions the gregarious mourning cloak larvae will completely defoliate ornamental trees in nurseries plantations and parks some areas that this damage has been documented have been oregon an...
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