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considered as a separate language by many linguists traditionally regarded as a swedish dialect 38 but by several criteria closer to west scandinavian dialects 10 elfdalian is a separate language by the standard of mutual intelligibility 39 40 41 42 traveller danish rodi and swedish romani are varieties of danish norwegian and swedish with romani vocabulary or para romani known collectively as the scandoromani language 43 they are spoken by norwegian and swedish travellers the scando romani varieties in sweden and norway combine elements from the dialects of western sweden eastern norway østlandet and trøndersk written norms of norwegian edit see also norwegian language conflict norwegian has two official written norms bokmål and nynorsk in addition there are some unofficial norms riksmål is more conservative than bokmål that is closer to danish and is used to various extents by numerous people especially in the cities and by the largest newspaper in norway aftenposten on the other hand høgnorsk high norwegian is similar to nynorsk and is used by a very small minority see also edit comparison of danish norwegian and swedish ingvaeonic languages low franconian languages gender in danish and swedish high german languages scanian dialect svorsk east germanic languages west germanic languages south germanic languages pan germanic language references edit gordon raymond g jr ed 2005 language family trees indo european germanic north archived 3 october 2012 at the wayback machine ethnologue languages of the world fifteenth edition dallas texas sil international scandinavian dialect syntax archived 12 january 2012 at the wayback machine network for scandinavian dialect syntax retrieved 11 november 2007 1 2 3 torp arne 2004 nordiske sprog i fortid og nutid sproglighed og sprogforskelle sprogfamilier og sprogslægtskab archived 4 november 2011 at the wayback machine moderne nordiske sprog in nordens sprog med rødder og fødder nord 2004 010 isbn 92 893 1041 3 nordic council of ministers secretariat copenhagen 2004 in danish sletten iben stampe 2005 nordens sprog med rødder og fødder nord københavn nordisk ministerråd isbn 978 92 893 1041 3 1 2 3 holmberg anders and christer platzack 2005 the scandinavian languages in the comparative syntax handbook eds guglielmo cinque and richard s kayne oxford and new york oxford university press excerpt at durham university archived 3 december 2007 at the wayback machine sprog og politik i grønland forenede nationers in danish 21 february 2021 archived from the original on 21 february 2022 retrieved 21 february 2022 leinonen therese 2011 aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in swedish dialects oslo studies in language 3 2 aggregate analysis of vowel pronunciation in swedish dialects oslo studies in language 3 2 dahl östen 2000 språkets enhet och mångfald lund studentlitteratur pp 117 119 lars erik edlund språklig variation i tid och rum in dahl östen edlund lars erik eds 2010 sveriges nationalatlas språken i sverige stockholm kungl vitterhets historie och antikvitets akademien p 9 1 2 3 könig ekkehard auwera johan van der 16 december 2013 the germanic languages routledge p 5 isbn 978 1 317 79958 0 the east scandinavian branch is not so much a distinct language as the sum of the innovations that encompassed denmark most of sweden and adjacent parts of norway at the end of the viking age splitting during the middle ages 1050 1340 into old danish old swedish and old gutnish the written language of the island of gotland 1 2 3 bandle oscar braunmüller kurt jahr ernst hakon karker allan naumann hans peter telemann ulf elmevik lennart widmark gun 14 july 2008 the nordic languages volume 2 berlin germany walter de gruyter p 1108 isbn 978 3 11 019706 8 the gutnish a is less back than in the other old east nordic dialects 1 2 3 kroonen guus on the origins of the elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and germanic etymology pdf department of nordic studies and linguistics university of copenhagen archived pdf from the original on 6 february 2016 retrieved 27 january 2016 in many aspects elfdalian takes up a middle position between east and west nordic however it shares some innovations with west nordic but none with east nordic this invalidates the claim that elfdalian split off from old swedish hawkins john a 1987 germanic languages in bernard comrie ed the world s major languages oxford university press pp 68 76 isbn 0 19 520521 9 but see cercignani fausto indo european ē in germanic in zeitschrift für vergleichende sprachforschung 86 1 1972 pp 104 110 kuhn hans 1955 1956 zur gliederung der germanischen sprachen zeitschrift für deutsches altertum und deutsche literatur 86 1 47 bandle oskar ed 2005 the nordic languages an international handbook of the history of the north germanic languages walter de gruyter 2005 isbn 3 11 017149 x 1 2 lund jørn language archived 15 august 2004 at the wayback machine published online by royal danish ministry of foreign affairs version 1 november 2003 retrieved 13 november 2007 lindström fredrik lindström henrik 2012 svitjods undergång och sveriges födelse albert bonniers förlag isbn 978 91 0 013451 8 p 259 adams 1895 pp 336 338 article nordiska språk section historia subsection omkring 800 1100 in nationalencyklopedin 1994 jónsson jóhannes gísli and thórhallur eythórsson 2004 variation in subject case marking in insular scandinavian archived 4 may 2016 at the wayback machine nordic journal of linguistics 2005 28 223 245 cambridge university press retrieved 9 november 2007 heine bernd and tania kuteva 2006 the changing languages of europe oxford university press 2006 isbn 0 19 929734 7 the nordic council s nordic council of ministers political magazine analys norden offers three versions a section labeled íslenska icelandic a section labeled skandinavisk in either danish norwegian or swedish and a section labeled suomi finnish sammallahti pekka 1990 the sámi language past and present in arctic languages an awakening archived 21 july 2018 at the wayback machine the united nations educational scientific and cultural organization unesco paris isbn 92 3 102661 5 p 440 the arrival of a uralic population and language in samiland means that there has been a period of at least 5000 years of uninterrupted linguistic and cultural development in samiland it is also possible however that the earlier inhabitants of the area also spoke a uralic language we do not know of any linguistic groups in the area other than the uralic and indo europeans represented by the present scandinavian languages collis dirmid r f 1990 arctic languages an awakening paris unesco isbn 978 92 3 102661 4 inez svonni fjällström 2006 a language with deep roots archived 5 october 2007 at the wayback machine sápmi language history 14 november 2006 samiskt informationscentrum sametinget the scandinavian languages are northern germanic languages sami belongs to the finno ugric language family finnish estonian livonian and hungarian belong to the same language family and are consequently related to each other swedish at ethnologue 25th ed 2022 unesco atlas of the world s languages in danger archived from the original on 2 august 2018 retrieved 2 may 2022 victor ginsburgh shlomo weber 2011 how many languages do we need the economics of linguistic diversity princeton university press p 42 nynorsk noe for svensker uniforum www uniforum uio no archived from the original on 25 february 2021 retrieved 16 march 2021 1 2 urban misunderstandings in norden this week monday 01 17 2005 the nordic council and the nordic council of ministers retrieved 13 november 2007 1 2 3 4 5 delsing lars olof and katarina lundin åkesson 2005 håller språket ihop norden en forskningsrapport om ungdomars förståelse av danska svenska och norska available in pdf format archived 14 may 2011 at the wayback machine numbers are from figure 4 11 grannspråksförståelse bland infödda skandinaver fördelade på ort p 65 and figure 4 6 sammanlagt resultat på grannspråksundersökningen fördelat på område p 58 maurud ø 1976 nabospråksforståelse i skandinavia en undersøkelse om gjensidig forståelse av tale og skriftspråk i danmark norge og sverige nordisk utredningsserie 13 nordiska rådet stockholm kordić snježana 2024 ideology against language the current situation in south slavic countries pdf in nomachi motoki kamusella tomasz eds languages and nationalism instead of empires routledge histories of central and eastern europe london routledge pp 167 179 doi 10 4324 9781003034025 11 isbn 978 0 367 47191 0 oclc 1390118985 s2cid 259576119 ssrn 4680766 cobiss sr 125229577 cobiss 171014403 archived from the original on 10 january 2024 retrieved 21 january 2024 p 169 stockholm s youth understand 55 of spoken norwegian and 34 of spoken danish 1 2 nordens språk med rötter och fötter archived from the original on 6 march 2016 retrieved 20 april 2012 hello norden newsletter archived 9 april 2014 at the wayback machine s language of publication is described as skandinaviska in swedish the scandinavian languages their histories and relationships archived from the original on 19 september 2021 retrieved 20 april 2012 finlandssvensk som hovedspråk archived 12 october 2017 at the wayback machine in norwegian bokmål dalen arnold 2005 jemtsk og trøndersk to nære slektningar archived 18 march 2007 at the wayback machine språkrådet norway in norwegian retrieved 13 november 2007 ekberg lena 2010 the national minority languages in sweden in gerhard stickel ed national regional and minority languages in europe contributions to the annual conference 2009 of efnil in dublin peter lang pp 87 92 isbn 9783631603659 dahl östen dahlberg ingrid delsing lars olof halvarsson herbert larsson gösta nyström gunnar olsson rut sapir yair steensland lars williams henrik 8 february 2007 älvdalskan är ett språk inte en svensk dialekt elfdalian is a language not a swedish dialect aftonbladet in swedish stockholm archived from the original on 25 august 2012 retrieved 7 march 2013 dahl östen december 2008 älvdalska eget språk eller värsting bland dialekter elfdalian its own language or an outstanding dialect språktidningen in swedish archived from the original on 7 december 2017 retrieved 16 may 2013 zach kristine 2013 das älvdalische sprache oder dialekt diplomarbeit elfdalian language or dialect masters thesis pdf in german university of vienna archived pdf from the original on 17 february 2020 retrieved 24 january 2017 sapir yair 2004 elfdalian the vernacular of övdaln conference paper 18 19 juni 2004 available in pdf format at uppsala university online archive archived 22 july 2011 at the wayback machine llow traveller danish archived 9 march 2016 at the wayback machine sources edit adams charles kendall 1895 johnson s universal cyclopedia a new edition d appleton a j johnson jervelund anita 2007 sådan staver vi kristiansen tore m fl 1996 dansk sproglære lucazin m 2010 utkast till ortografi över skånska språket med morfologi och ordlista första revisionen pdf isbn 978 91 977265 2 8 archived from the original pdf on 8 august 2011 retrieved 21 january 2011 outlined scanian orthography including morphology and word index first revision maurer friedrich 1942 nordgermanen und alemannen studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen sprachgeschichte stammes und volkskunde strasbourg hünenburg rowe charley the problematic holtzmann s law in germanic indogermanische forschungen bd 108 2003 iben stampe sletten red nordens sprog med rødder og fødder 2005 isbn 92 893 1041 3 available online also available in the other scandinavian languages external links edit wikisource has the text of the 1911 encyclopædia britannica article scandinavian languages works related to scandinavian languages at wikisource noreen adolf 1886 scandinavian languages encyclopædia britannica vol xxi 9th ed pp 366 374 middle low german influence on the scandinavian languages scandinavian only words scandinavian loans in old and middle english and their legacy in the dialects of england and modern standard english most similar languages to danish v t e germanic languages according to contemporary philology west anglo frisian anglic english dialects old english middle english modern english early modern english irish middle english fingallian kildare yola scots early scots middle scots shetland dialect frisian historical forms old frisian middle frisian east frisian ems saterland frisian upgant frisian weser wangerooge frisian wursten frisian harlingerland frisian north frisian insular eiderstedt föhr amrum föhr amrum heligolandic sylt mainland bökingharde mooring halligen goesharde northern central southern karrharde strand wiedingharde west frisian hindeloopen schiermonnikoog westlauwers terschellings mainland west frisian clay frisian wood frisian westereendersk terschelling low german historical forms old saxon middle low german west low german dutch low saxon stellingwarfs tweants gronings drèents gelders overijssels achterhooks sallaans urkers veluws northern low saxon east frisian low saxon gronings hamburg holsteinisch oldenburgisch bremian schleswigsch eastphalian westphalian east low german mecklenburgisch vorpommersch brandenburgisch central pomeranian east pomeranian low prussian plautdietsch mennonite low german low franconian historical forms frankish old dutch middle dutch standard variants dutch afrikaans kaaps west low franconian central dutch hollandic west flemish french flemish zeelandic east flemish brabantian kleverlandish surinamese dutch jersey dutch mohawk dutch stadsfries bildts amelands midslands east low franconian limburgish cover groups bergish meuse rhenish high german german historical forms old high german middle high german new high german early new high german standard german german standard german austrian standard german swiss standard german non standard variants and creoles namibian german namibian black german berlinerisch unserdeutsch barossa german rotwelsch lotegorisch yenish yiddish eastern western scots yiddish klezmer loshn lachoudisch central german west central german central franconian ripuarian colognian southeast limburgish moselle franconian luxembourgish transylvanian saxon hunsrückisch hunsrik rhine franconian lorraine franconian palatine volga german pennsylvania dutch hessian central hessian amana german east central german thuringian upper saxon erzgebirgisch lusatian silesian german high prussian wymysorys halcnovian upper german alemannic in the broad sense low alemannic alsatian coloniero high alemannic swiss german highest alemannic walser german swabian bavarian northern bavarian central bavarian viennese german southern bavarian south tyrolean cimbrian mòcheno hutterite german gottscheerish south franconian east franconian vogtlandian langobardic north and east north historical forms proto norse old norse old west norse old east norse old gutnish west norwegian bergensk kebabnorsk sognamål trøndersk valdris vestlandsk vikværsk bokmål wr...
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