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esulfurization r 3 n 3 h 2 3 rh h 3 n r 2 s 2 h 2 2 rh h 2 s hydrogenolysis can be applied to the conversion of virtually any functional group into hydrocarbons substrates include haloalkanes alcohols aldehydes ketones carboxylic acids etc both hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation are practiced in refineries they can be effected by using lithium aluminium hydride clemmenson reduction and other specialized routes coal edit coal is a more traditional precursor to alkanes a wide range of technologies have been intensively practiced for centuries 49 simply heating coal gives alkanes leaving behind coke relevant technologies include the bergius process and coal liquefaction partial combustion of coal and related solid organic compounds generates carbon monoxide which can be hydrogenated using the fischer tropsch process this technology allows the synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons including alkanes this method is used to produce substitutes for petroleum distillates laboratory preparation edit rarely is there any interest in the synthesis of alkanes since they are usually commercially available and less valued than virtually any precursor the best known method is hydrogenation of alkenes many c x bonds can be converted to c h bonds using lithium aluminium hydride clemmenson reduction and other specialized routes 50 hydrolysis of alkyl grignard reagents and alkyl organolithium reagents gives alkanes 51 applications edit fuels edit the dominant use of alkanes is as fuels propane and butane easily liquified gases are commonly known as liquified petroleum gas lpg 52 from pentane to octane the alkanes are highly volatile liquids they are used as fuels in internal combustion engines as they vaporize easily on entry into the combustion chamber without forming droplets which would impair the uniformity of the combustion branched chain alkanes are preferred as they are much less prone to premature ignition which causes knocking than their straight chain homologues this propensity to premature ignition is measured by the octane rating of the fuel where 2 2 4 trimethylpentane isooctane has an arbitrary value of 100 and heptane has a value of zero apart from their use as fuels the middle alkanes are also good solvents for nonpolar substances alkanes from nonane to for instance hexadecane an alkane with sixteen carbon atoms are liquids of higher viscosity less and less suitable for use in gasoline they form instead the major part of diesel and aviation fuel diesel fuels are characterized by their cetane number cetane being an old name for hexadecane however the higher melting points of these alkanes can cause problems at low temperatures and in polar regions where the fuel becomes too thick to flow correctly precursors to chemicals edit by the process of cracking alkanes can be converted to alkenes simple alkenes are precursors to polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene when the cracking is taken to extremes alkanes can be converted to carbon black which is a significant tire component chlorination of methane gives chloromethanes which are used as solvents and building blocks for complex compounds similarly treatment of methane with sulfur gives carbon disulfide still other chemicals are prepared by reaction with sulfur trioxide and nitric oxide other edit some light hydrocarbons are used as aerosol sprays alkanes from hexadecane upwards form the most important components of fuel oil and lubricating oil in the latter function they work at the same time as anti corrosive agents as their hydrophobic nature means that water cannot reach the metal surface many solid alkanes find use as paraffin wax for example in candles this should not be confused however with true wax which consists primarily of esters alkanes with a chain length of approximately 35 or more carbon atoms are found in bitumen used for example in road surfacing however the higher alkanes have little value and are usually split into lower alkanes by cracking hazards edit see also hydrocarbon poisoning alkanes are highly flammable but they have low toxicities methane is toxicologically virtually inert alkanes can be asphyxiants and narcotic 49 see also edit wikimedia commons has media related to alkanes look up alkane in wiktionary the free dictionary alkene alkyne cycloalkane higher alkane aliphatic compound notes edit for visualizations of the low temperature crystal structures of alkanes methane to nonane see solid methane references edit 1 2 iupac compendium of chemical terminology 5th ed the gold book 2025 online version 2006 alkanes doi 10 1351 goldbook a00222 4 methyl 5 1 methylethyl octane national institute of standards and technology retrieved 7 july 2015 smith michael b march jerry 2007 advanced organic chemistry reactions mechanisms and structure 6th ed new york wiley interscience p 23 isbn 978 0 471 72091 1 on line encyclopedia of integer sequences sequence a000602 in the oeis number of n node unrooted quartic trees number of n carbon alkanes c n h 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ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry weinheim wiley vch doi 10 1002 14356007 a13_227 pub3 isbn 978 3 527 30673 2 smith michael b march jerry 2007 advanced organic chemistry reactions mechanisms and structure 6th ed new york wiley interscience p 1790 isbn 978 0 471 72091 1 noller c r 1931 n pentane organic syntheses 11 84 doi 10 15227 orgsyn 011 0084 using propane as a fuel pdf archived from the original pdf on 12 october 2013 retrieved 27 november 2012 further reading edit virtual textbook of organic chemistry visualizations of the low temperature crystal structures of alkanes methane to nonane redwood boverton 1911 paraffin encyclopædia britannica vol 20 11th ed pp 752 756 v t e hydrocarbons saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons alkanes c n h 2 n 2 linear alkanes methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane branched alkanes isobutane isopentane neopentane 3 methylpentane isohexane isoheptane isooctane isononane isodecane cycloalkanes cyclopropane cyclobutane cyclopentane cyclohexane cycloheptane cyclooctane cyclononane cyclodecane alkylcycloalkanes methylcyclopropane methylcyclobutane methylcyclopentane methylcyclohexane isopropylcyclohexane bicycloalkanes housane bicyclo 2 1 0 pentane norbornane bicyclo 2 2 1 heptane decalin bicyclo 4 4 0 decane polycycloalkanes adamantane diamondoid perhydrophenanthrene sterane cubane prismane dodecahedrane basketane churchane pagodane twistane other spiroalkanes unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons alkenes c n h 2 n linear alkenes ethene propene butene pentene hexene heptene octene nonene decene branched alkenes isobutene isopentene isohexene isoheptene isooctene isononene isodecene alkynes c n h 2 n 2 linear alkynes ethyne propyne butyne pentyne hexyne heptyne octyne nonyne decyne branched alkynes isopentyne isohexyne isoheptyne isooctyne isononyne isodecyne cycloalkenes cyclopropene cyclobutene cyclopentene cyclohexene cycloheptene cyclooctene cyclononene cyclodecene alkylcycloalkenes methylcyclopropene methylcycl...