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ent was based on a desire to avenge military and territorial losses and the displacement of france as the pre eminent continental military power 22 bismarck was wary of the french desire for revenge and achieved peace by isolating france and by balancing the ambitions of austria hungary and russia in the balkans during his later years he tried to placate the french by encouraging their overseas expansion however anti german sentiment remained 23 france eventually recovered from its defeat paid its war indemnity and rebuilt its military strength however france was smaller than germany in terms of population and industry and therefore many french felt insecure next to a more powerful neighbor 24 by the 1890s the desire for revenge over alsace lorraine was no longer a major factor for the leaders of france but remained a force in public opinion 25 jules cambon the french ambassador to berlin 1907 1914 worked hard to secure a détente but the french government realized that berlin was trying to weaken the triple entente and at the best was not sincere in seeking peace the french consensus was that war was inevitable 26 british alignment towards france and russia 1898 1907 the triple entente edit main articles entente cordiale anglo russian convention and triple entente after bismarck s removal in 1890 french efforts to isolate germany became successful with the formation of the informal triple entente germany began to feel encircled 27 french foreign minister théophile delcassé went to great pains to woo russia and britain key markers were the 1894 franco russian alliance the 1904 entente cordiale with britain and the 1907 anglo russian convention which led to the triple entente france s informal alignment with britain and its formal alliance with russia against germany and austria eventually led russia and britain to enter world war i as france s allies 28 29 britain abandoned its policy of splendid isolation in the 1900s after it had been isolated during the second boer war britain concluded agreements limited to colonial affairs with its two major colonial rivals the entente cordiale with france in 1904 and the anglo russian entente in 1907 some historians see britain s alignment as principally a reaction to an assertive german foreign policy and the buildup of its navy from 1898 that led to the anglo german naval arms race 30 31 other scholars most notably niall ferguson argue that britain chose france and russia over germany because germany was too weak an ally to provide an effective counterbalance to the other powers and could not provide britain with the imperial security that was achieved by the entente agreements 32 in the words of the british diplomat arthur nicolson it was far more disadvantageous to us to have an unfriendly france and russia than an unfriendly germany 33 ferguson argues that the british government rejected german alliance overtures not because germany began to pose a threat to britain but on the contrary because they realized she did not pose a threat 34 the impact of the triple entente was therefore twofold by improving british relations with france and its ally russia and showing the importance to britain of good relations with germany it was not that antagonism toward germany caused its isolation but rather that the new system itself channeled and intensified hostility towards the german empire 35 the triple entente between britain france and russia is often compared to the triple alliance between germany austria hungary and italy but historians caution against that comparison as simplistic the entente in contrast to the triple alliance and the franco russian alliance was not an alliance of mutual defence and so in 1914 britain felt free to make its own foreign policy decisions as the british foreign office official eyre crowe minuted the fundamental fact of course is that the entente is not an alliance for purposes of ultimate emergencies it may be found to have no substance at all for the entente is nothing more than a frame of mind a view of general policy which is shared by the governments of two countries but which may be or become so vague as to lose all content 36 a series of diplomatic incidents between 1905 and 1914 heightened tensions between the great powers and reinforced the existing alignments beginning with the first moroccan crisis citation needed first moroccan crisis 1905 06 strengthening the entente edit main article first moroccan crisis the first moroccan crisis was an international dispute between march 1905 and may 1906 over the status of morocco the crisis worsened german relations with both france and britain and helped ensure the success of the new entente cordiale in the words of the historian christopher clark the anglo french entente was strengthened rather than weakened by the german challenge to france in morocco 37 due to this crisis spain turned to the united kingdom and france and signed the pact of cartagena of 1907 spain received british help to build the new españa class battleship citation needed bosnian crisis 1908 worsening relations of russia and serbia with austria hungary edit main article bosnian crisis in 1908 austria hungary announced its annexation of bosnia and herzegovina provinces in the balkans bosnia and herzegovina had been nominally under the sovereignty of the ottoman empire but administered by austria hungary since the congress of berlin in 1878 the announcement upset the fragile balance of power in the balkans and enraged serbia and pan slavic nationalists throughout europe the weakened russia was forced to submit to its humiliation but its foreign office still viewed austria hungary s actions as overly aggressive and threatening russia s response was to encourage pro russian and anti austrian sentiment in serbia and other balkan provinces provoking austrian fears of slavic expansionism in the region 38 agadir crisis in morocco 1911 edit main article agadir crisis french troops in morocco 1912 imperial rivalries pushed france germany and britain to compete for control of morocco leading to a short lived war scare in 1911 in the end france established a protectorate over morocco that increased european tensions the agadir crisis resulted from the deployment of a substantial force of french troops into the interior of morocco in april 1911 germany reacted by sending the gunboat sms panther to the moroccan port of agadir on 1 july 1911 the main result was deeper suspicion between london and berlin and closer military ties between london and paris 39 40 british backing of france during the crisis reinforced the entente between the two countries and with russia increased anglo german estrangement and deepened the divisions that would erupt in 1914 41 in terms of internal british jousting the crisis was part of a five year struggle inside the british cabinet between radical isolationists and the liberal party s imperialist interventionists the interventionists sought to use the triple entente to contain german expansion the radical isolationists obtained an agreement for official cabinet approval of all initiatives that might lead to war however the interventionists were joined by the two leading radicals david lloyd george and winston churchill lloyd george s famous mansion house speech of 21 july 1911 angered the germans and encouraged the french 42 the crisis led british foreign secretary edward grey a liberal and french leaders to make a secret naval agreement by which the royal navy would protect the northern coast of france from german attack and france agreed to concentrate the french navy in the western mediterranean and to protect british interests there france was thus able to guard its communications with its north african colonies and britain to concentrate more force in home waters to oppose the german high seas fleet the british cabinet was not informed of the agreement until august 1914 meanwhile the episode strengthened the hand of german admiral alfred von tirpitz who was calling for a greatly increased navy and obtained it in 1912 43 the american historian raymond james sontag argues that agadir was a comedy of errors that became a tragic prelude to the world war i the crisis seems comic its obscure origin the questions at stake the conduct of the actors all comic the results were tragic tension between france and germany and between germany and england have been increased the armaments race receive new impetus the conviction that an early war was inevitable spread through the governing class of europe 44 italo turkish war isolation of the ottomans 1911 1912 edit main article italo turkish war mustafa kemal left with an ottoman military officer and bedouin forces in derna tripolitania vilayet 1912 in the italo turkish war the kingdom of italy defeated the ottoman empire in north africa in 1911 1912 45 italy easily captured the important coastal cities but its army failed to advance far into the interior italy captured the ottoman tripolitania vilayet a province whose most notable subprovinces or sanjaks were fezzan cyrenaica and tripoli itself the territories together formed what was later known as italian libya the main significance for world war i was that it was now clear that no great power still appeared to wish to support the ottoman empire which paved the way for the balkan wars christopher clark stated italy launched a war of conquest on an african province of the ottoman empire triggering a chain of opportunistic assaults on ottoman territories across the balkans the system of geographical balances that had enabled local conflicts to be contained was swept away 46 balkan wars 1912 1913 growth of serbian and russian power edit main article balkan wars the balkan wars were two conflicts that took place in the balkan peninsula in southeastern europe in 1912 and 1913 four balkan states defeated the ottoman empire in the first war one of them bulgaria was defeated in the second war the ottoman empire lost nearly all of its territory in europe austria hungary although not a combatant was weakened as a much enlarged kingdom of serbia pushed for union of all south slavs citation needed the balkan wars in 1912 1913 increased international tension between russia and austria hungary it also led to a strengthening of serbia and a weakening of the ottoman empire and bulgaria which might otherwise have kept serbia under control thus disrupting the balance of power in europe toward russia citation needed russia initially agreed to avoid territorial changes but later in 1912 it supported serbia s demand for an albanian port the london conference of 1912 13 agreed to create an independent albania but both serbia and montenegro refused to comply after an austrian and then an international naval demonstration in early 1912 and russia s withdrawal of support serbia backed down montenegro was not as compliant and on may 2 the austrian council of ministers met and decided to give montenegro a last chance to comply or it would resort to military action however seeing the austro hungarian military preparations the montenegrins requested for the ultimatum to be delayed and they complied 47 territorial gains of the balkan states after the balkan wars the serbian government having failed to get albania now demanded for the other spoils of the first balkan war to be reapportioned and russia failed to pressure serbia to back down serbia and greece allied against bulgaria which responded with a pre emptive strike against their forces and so began the second balkan war 48 the bulgarian army crumbled quickly after the ottoman empire and romania joined the war citation needed the balkan wars strained the german alliance with austria hungary the attitude of the german government to austro hungarian requests of support against serbia was initially divided and inconsistent after the german imperial war council of 8 december 1912 it was clear that germany was not ready to support austria hungary in a war against serbia and its likely allies citation needed in addition german diplomacy before during and after the second balkan war was pro greek and pro romanian and against austria hungary s increasing pro bulgarian sympathies the result was tremendous damage to relations between both empires austro hungarian foreign minister leopold von berchtold remarked to the german ambassador heinrich von tschirschky in july 1913 austria hungary might as well belong to the other grouping for all the good berlin had been 49 in september 1913 it was learned that serbia was moving into albania and russia was doing nothing to restrain it and the serbian government would not guarantee to respect albania s territorial integrity and suggested that some frontier modifications would occur in october 1913 the council of ministers decided to send serbia a warning followed by an ultimatum for germany and italy to be notified of some action and asked for support and for spies to be sent to report if there was an actual withdrawal serbia responded to the warning with defiance and the ultimatum was dispatched on october 17 and received the following day it demanded for serbia to evacuate from albania within eight days after serbia complied the kaiser made a congratulatory visit to vienna to try to fix some of the damage done earlier in the year 50 by then russia had mostly recovered from its defeat in the russo japanese war and the calculations of germany and austria were driven by a fear that russia would eventually become too strong to be challenged the conclusion was that any war with russia had to occur within the next few years to have any chance of success 51 franco russian alliance changes to balkan inception scenario 1911 1913 edit the original franco russian alliance was formed to protect both france and russia from a german attack in the event of such an attack both states would mobilize in tandem placing germany under the threat of a two front war however there were limits placed on the alliance so that it was essentially defensive in character citation needed throughout the 1890s and the 1900s the french and the russians made clear the limits of the alliance did not extend to provocations caused by each other s adventurous foreign policy for example russia warned france that the alliance would not operate if the french provoked the germans in north africa equally the french insisted that the russians should not use the alliance to provoke austria hungary or germany in the balkans and that france did not recognize in the balkans a vital strategic interest for france or russia citation needed that changed in the last 18 to 24 months before the outbreak of the war at the end of 1911 particularly during the balkan wars in 1912 1913 the french view changed to accept the importance of the balkans to russia moreover france clearly stated that if as a result of a conflict in the balkans war broke out between austria hungary and serbia france would stand by russia thus...