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measure of armed protection for their activities thus in the american civil rights movement of the 1960s the freedom ride of may 1961 having been opposed violently received armed protection for part of its hazardous journey 42 and the selma to montgomery march of march 1965 only succeeded in reaching montgomery alabama at the third attempt when it was protected by troops and federal agents 43 some campaigns of civil resistance may depend up the existence of militarily defended space a life saving example of an effective civil resistance enabling threatened people to reach a defended space occurred with the rescue of the danish jews in 1943 when thousands of jews were spirited out of german occupied denmark and across a narrow stretch of sea the sound to sweden 44 when leaders of even the most determinedly nonviolent movements have come to power in their countries they have generally accepted the continued existence of armed forces and other more or less conventional security arrangements for example in 1991 václav havel who had been a leading figure in civil resistance in communist czechoslovakia from the founding of charter 77 to the velvet revolution of 1989 in his new capacity as president of the czech and slovak federative republic paid tribute to the nato alliance 45 on 12 march 1999 the czech republic along with poland and hungary became a member of nato the term civil resistance merits and concerns edit gandhi in south africa in about 1906 1909 referring to his years there he later wrote i found that even civil disobedience failed to convey the full meaning of the struggle i therefore adopted the phrase civil resistance the term is not new gandhi used it in many of his writings 46 in 1935 he wrote i found that even civil disobedience failed to convey the full meaning of the struggle i therefore adopted the phrase civil resistance 47 it is a near synonym for nonviolent resistance civil disobedience people power and satyagraha while each of these terms has its uses and connotations civil resistance is one appropriate term to use in cases where the resistance has a civic quality relating to a society as a whole where the action involved is not necessarily disobedience but instead involves supporting the norms of a society against usurpers where the decision not to use violent methods is not based on a general philosophy of nonviolence but on a wide range of prudential ethical and legal considerations and where the technical and communications infrastructure of modern civil societies provides a means of organizing resistance 48 because of such considerations the term has been used in this century in many analyses in academic journals 49 what exactly are the advantages of the term civil resistance as distinct from its near synonyms nonviolent action and nonviolent resistance all these terms have merits and refer to largely the same phenomena indeed there is a long history in many languages of using a wide variety of terms to describe these phenomena the term civil resistance has been used increasingly for two main reasons it emphasises the positive civic goals widespread civil society involvement and civil as distinct from uncivil conduct rather than the negative avoidance of the use of violence it conveys more effectively perhaps than such terms as nonviolent resistance that a movement s avoidance of violence in pursuit of a particular cause is not necessarily tied to a general belief in nonviolence in all circumstances nor to a philosophy of gandhism but rather arises from the particular values and circumstances of the society concerned there have been concerns that the term civil resistance might on occasion be misused or at least stretched in a highly controversial way to encompass acts of violence thus arising from experience within the anti globalization movement one participant observer has seen new forms of civil resistance as being associated with a problematic departure from a previously more widely shared commitment to maintaining nonviolent discipline 50 because of these concerns those who have used the term civil resistance have tended to emphasise its nonviolent character and to use it in addition to and not in substitution of such terms as nonviolent resistance see also edit arab spring boycott civil disobedience civilian based defense colour revolution creative disruption demonstration dissolution of the soviet union nonviolence nonviolent resistance people power people power revolution resistance movements revolutions of 1989 right of revolution social defence tunisian revolution 2011 egyptian revolution 2016 turkish coup d état attempt everyday resistance references edit examples of the use of the term civil resistance include erica chenoweth and maria j stephan why civil resistance works the strategic logic of nonviolent conflict columbia university press new york 2011 howard clark civil resistance in kosovo pluto press london 2000 sharon erickson nepstad nonviolent revolution civil resistance in the late 20th century archived 20 october 2012 at the wayback machine oxford university press new york 2011 michael randle civil resistance fontana london 1994 adam roberts civil resistance in the east european and soviet revolutions archived 13 december 2012 at the wayback machine albert einstein institution massachusetts 1991 merriman hardy 3 may 2023 the trifecta of civil resistance unity planning discipline the commons social change library retrieved 19 september 2024 international center on nonviolent conflict beer michael 16 april 2021 civil resistance tactics in the 21st century report and webinar the commons social change library retrieved 19 september 2024 this is abstracted from the longer definition of civil resistance in adam roberts introduction in adam roberts and timothy garton ash eds civil resistance and power politics the experience of non violent action from gandhi to the present oxford university press 2009 pp 2 3 see also the short definition in gene sharp sharp s dictionary of power and struggle language of civil resistance in conflicts archived 11 october 2017 at the wayback machine oxford university press new york 2011 p 87 see e g the report by peter ackerman adrian karatnycky and others how freedom is won from civil resistance to durable democracy freedom house new york 2005 archived 27 may 2006 at the wayback machine adam roberts and timothy garton ash eds civil resistance and power politics the experience of non violent action from gandhi to the present oxford university press 2009 include chapters by specialists on nineteen movements between 1917 and 2007 engler mark engler paul 3 december 2023 from the berlin wall to today lessons for harnessing the moment of the whirlwind the commons social change library retrieved 19 september 2024 commons librarian 7 march 2022 perspectives on ukrainian civil resistance the commons social change library retrieved 19 september 2024 gene sharp the technique of non violent action in adam roberts ed the strategy of civilian defence non violent resistance to aggression faber london 1967 at pp 98 104 see for example his discussion of illustrations from the past in gene sharp the politics of nonviolent action see article porter sargent boston 1973 pp 75 97 and his short accounts of numerous cases in gene sharp and others waging nonviolent struggle 20th century practice and 21st century potential porter sargent boston 2005 pp 69 356 appendix conflict summaries in maciej j bartkowski ed recovering nonviolent history civil resistance in liberation struggles lynne rienner boulder colorado 2013 pp 355 405 resource library icnc retrieved 6 july 2022 blog icnc retrieved 6 july 2022 home global nonviolent action database nvdatabase swarthmore edu retrieved 6 july 2022 maria j stephan and erica chenoweth why civil resistance works the strategic logic of nonviolent conflict international security vol 33 no 1 summer 2008 p 42 issn 0162 2889 see also their 2011 book why civil resistance works listed below in the bibliography matthews kyle r 29 november 2021 social movements and the mis use of research extinction rebellion and the 3 5 rule the commons social change library retrieved 19 september 2024 t r davies the failure of strategic nonviolent action in bahrain egypt libya and syria political ju jitsu in reverse global change peace and security vol 26 no 3 2014 pp 299 313 issn 1478 1158 doi 10 1080 14781158 2014 924916 juan masullo jimenez review of why civil resistance works on global policy website 29 november 2013 archived 23 october 2017 at the wayback machine david cortright review on e international relations website 17 january 2013 adam roberts terrorism research past present and future studies in conflict terrorism vol 38 no 1 january 2015 pp 62 74 the future of nonviolent resistance journal of democracy retrieved 13 july 2022 martin luther king jr stride toward freedom the montgomery story ballantine books new york 1960 p 81 aung san suu kyi second bbc reith lecture dissent first broadcast 5 july 2011 transcript available at bbc website gene sharp social power and political freedom porter sargent boston 1980 xi joan v bondurant creative conflict and the limits of symbolic violence in bondurant ed conflict violence and nonviolence aldine chicago 1971 pp 121 22 see for example roberts and garton ash civil resistance and power politics pp 21 23 chapter by roberts 93 kramer and 386n garton ash these accusations by presidents assad and putin are cited and discussed in adam roberts michael j willis rory mccarthy and timothy garton ash eds civil resistance in the arab spring triumphs and disasters oxford university press oxford 2016 pp 277 80 314 17 chapter by roberts randle civil resistance p 168 a pioneering exploration of certain examples of connections between non violent resistance and other forms of power is in kurt schock unarmed insurrections people power movements in nondemocracies minneapolis university of minnesota press 2005 especially at pp 153 62 a more general discussion of this question is in adam roberts introduction in roberts and garton ash civil resistance and power politics especially at pp 13 20 schock unarmed insurrections pp 154 56 steven duncan huxley constitutional insurgency in finland finnish passive resistance against russification as a case of nonmilitary struggle in the european resistance tradition shs helsinki 1990 p 225 where jonas castrén a key figure in the constitutional insurgency is cited as emphasizing the central importance of understanding current events in russia and their importance for the finnish struggle he exclaimed that now was the time for finns to rise up in mass struggle amado mendoza people power in the philippines 1983 86 in roberts and garton ash civil resistance and power politics pp 179 96 where he discusses at pp 186 89 the competitive relationship between the violent and non violent anti dictatorship movements these three cases of round table talks are outlined by judith brown alexander smolar and andrew wilson respectively in roberts and garton ash civil resistance and power politics pp 47 55 india 136 43 poland and 350 53 ukraine roberts adam 1975 civil resistance to military coups journal of peace research 12 1 19 36 doi 10 1177 002234337501200102 jstor 422898 s2cid 109901658 shaplen robert 1966 the lost revolution vietnam 1945 1965 london andre deutsch pp 188 212 m cherif bassiouni egypt update no 27 19 february 2014 paragraphs 8 9 18 kenneth maxwell portugal the revolution of the carnations 1974 75 in roberts and garton ash civil resistance and power politics pp 144 61 cases of perceived failure of civil resistance being followed by armed campaigns and military intervention are outlined by richard english and howard clark in roberts and garton ash civil resistance and power politics pp 75 90 northern ireland and 277 94 kosovo cases of armed interventions in areas where there had been an absence of governance in at least parts of a country are outlined by george joffé and helen lackner in roberts willis mccarthy and garton ash civil resistance in the arab spring triumphs and disasters pp 134 40 libya and 160 68 yemen international institute for strategic studies strategic survey 2013 london 2013 pp 179 84 mustafa khalili the two sets of protesters were left to fight it out the guardian london 3 february 2011 provides an eye witness account of the events of 2 february also available at james peck freedom ride grove press new york 1962 p 107 juan williams eyes on the prize america s civil rights years 1954 1965 viking press new york 1987 p 279 jacques semelin unarmed against hitler civilian resistance in europe 1939 1943 praeger westport connecticut 1993 pp 151 54 václav havel address to nato council 21 march 1991 nato review brussels april 1991 p 31 mohandas k gandhi the momentous issue young india 10 november 1921 in collected works of mahatma gandhi electronic edition vol 25 pp 76 78 archived 12 march 2012 at the wayback machine mohandas k gandhi letter to p kodanda rao 10 september 1935 in collected works of mahatma gandhi electronic edition vol 67 p 400 fabien miard mobile phones as a tool for civil resistance case studies from serbia and belarus digiactive research series june 2009 archived 27 february 2012 at the wayback machine for example by stephan maria j chenoweth erica 2008 why civil resistance works the strategic logic of nonviolent conflict international security 33 1 7 44 doi 10 1162 isec 2008 33 1 7 issn 0162 2889 s2cid 57561347 and ackerman peter rodal berel 2008 the strategic dimensions of civil resistance pdf survival 50 3 111 25 doi 10 1080 00396330802173131 s2cid 154588689 conway janet 2003 civil resistance and the diversity of tactics in the anti globalization movement problems of violence silence and solidarity in activist politics pdf osgoode hall law journal 41 2 3 505 17 archived from the original pdf on 27 december 2012 retrieved 19 february 2011 bibliography edit civil resistance against climate change what when who and how effective international center on nonviolent conflict icnc kelly fielding robyn gulliver winnifred louis international center on nonviolent conflict 2021 isbn 978 1 943271 63 4 bartkowski maciej j ed recovering nonviolent history civil resistance in liberation struggles lynne rienner boulder colorado 2013 isbn 978 1 58826 895 2 carter april howard clark and michael randle eds a guide to civil resistance a bibliography of people power and nonviolent protest vol 1 green print merlin press london 2013 isbn 978 1 85425 108 4 see also vol 2 merlin press 2015 isbn 978 1 85425 113 8 chenoweth erica and maria j stephan why civil resistance works the strategic logic of nonviolent conflict columbia university press new york 2011 isbn 978 0 231 15682 0 hardback in august 2012 this book won the woodrow wilson foundation award given annually by the american political science association for the best book on government politics or international affairs...