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accept religious explanations for how the world works an example being xenophanes they just thought that there just had to be some king of underlying order or logic for the way things are this will later be given to ancient rome and modern civilisation 19 in medicine doctors still refer to the hippocratic oath instituted by hippocrates regarded as foremost in laying the foundations of medicine as a science galen built on hippocrates theory of the four humours and his writings became the foundation of medicine in europe and the middle east for centuries the physicians herophilos and paulus aegineta were pioneers in the study of anatomy while pedanius dioscorides wrote an extensive treatise on the practice of pharmacology the period of classical greece from 800 bc until the rise of macedon a greek state in the north is that most often associated with greek advances in science thales of miletus is regarded by many as the father of science he was the first of the ancient philosophers to seek to explain the physical world in terms of natural rather than supernatural causes pythagoras was a mathematician often described as the father of numbers it is believed that he had the pioneering insight into the numerical ratios that determine the musical scale and the pythagorean theorem is commonly attributed to him diophantus of alexandria in turn was the father of algebra many parts of modern geometry are based on the work of euclid while eratosthenes was one of the first scientific geographers calculating the circumference of the earth and conceiving the first maps based on scientific principles the hellenistic period following alexander s conquests continued and built upon this knowledge hipparchus is considered the pre eminent astronomical observer of the ancient world and was probably the first to develop an accurate method for the prediction of solar eclipse while aristarchus of samos was the first known astronomer to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system though the geocentric model of ptolemy was more commonly accepted until the seventeenth century ptolemy also contributed substantially to cartography and to the science of optics for his part archimedes was the first to calculate the value of π and a geometric series and also the earliest known mathematical physicist discovering the law of buoyancy as well as conceiving the irrigation device known as archimedes screw byzantine greece edit see also byzantine science and greek scholars in the renaissance manuel chrysoloras greek scholar in the renaissance gemistus pletho the byzantine period remained largely a period of preservation in terms of classical greco roman texts there were however significant advances made in the fields of medicine and historical scholarship theological philosophy also remained an area of study and there was while not matching the achievements of preceding ages a certain increase in the professionalism of study of these subjects epitomized by the founding of the university of constantinople isidore of miletus and anthemius of tralles the architects of the famous hagia sophia in constantinople also contributed towards mathematical theories concerning architectural form and the perceived mathematical harmony needed to create a multi domed structure these ideas were to prove a heavy influence on the ottoman architect mimar sinan in his creation of the blue mosque also in constantinople tralles in particular produced several treatises on the natural sciences as well as his other forays into mathematics such as conic sections the gradual migration of greeks from byzantium to the italian city states following the decline of the byzantine empire and the texts they brought with them combined with the academic positions they held specify was a major factor in lighting the first sparks of the italian renaissance citation needed modern greece edit constantin carathéodory who introduced several mathematical theorems greeks continue to contribute to science and technology in the modern world john argyris a mathematician and engineer was among the creators of the finite element method and the direct stiffness method constantin carathéodory made significant contributions to the theory of functions of a real variable calculus of variations and measure theory credited with the introduction of several mathematical theorems in physics john iliopoulos is known for the prediction of the charm quark and the proposition of the gim mechanism as well as the fayet iliopoulos d term formula while dimitri nanopoulos is one of the principal developers of the flipped su 5 model biologist fotis kafatos pioneers in the field of molecular cloning and genomics and he was the founding president of the european research council in medicine georgios papanikolaou contributed heavily to the development of cervical screening inventing the pap test which is among the most common methods of cervical screening worldwide car designer alec issigonis designed the groundbreaking and iconic mini automobile while michael dertouzos was amongst the pioneers of the internet instrumental in defining the world wide web consortium and director for 27 years of the mit computer science and artificial intelligence laboratory which innovated in a variety of areas during his term nicholas negroponte is the founder of the mit media lab and the one laptop per child project aiming to extend internet access in the developing world joseph sifakis a computer scientist has won a turing award for his pioneering work on model checking politics edit main article politics of greece the building of the hellenic parliament the old royal palace of otto of greece greece is a parliamentary republic with a president assuming a more ceremonial role than in some other republics and the prime minister chosen from the leader of the majority party in the parliament greece has a codified constitution and a written bill of rights embedded within it the current prime minister is kyriakos mitsotakis the politics of the third hellenic republic have been dominated by two main political parties the conservative new democracy and the socialist pasok new democracy s election to government in 2004 has led to various initiatives to modernize the country such as the education university scheme above as well as labour market liberalization politically there has been massive opposition to some of these moves owing to a large well organized workers movement in greece which distrusts the right wing administration and neo liberal ideas the population in general appears to accept many of the initiatives reflected in governmental support on the economic front many are so far warming to the reforms made by the administration which have been largely rewarded with above average eurozone growth rates new democracy were re elected in september 2007 a number of other smaller political parties exist including the far left communist party and the far right popular orthodox rally the political process is energetically and openly participated in by the people of greece while public demonstrations are a continual feature of athenian life however there have been criticisms of a governmental failure to sufficiently involve minorities in political debate and hence a sidelining of their opinions in general politics is regarded as an acceptable subject to broach on almost every social occasion and greeks are often very vocal about their support or lack of it for certain policy proposals or political parties themselves this is perhaps reflected in what many consider the rather sensationalist media on both sides of the political spectrum although this is a feature of most european tabloids public holidays and festivals edit main article public holidays in greece according to greek law every sunday of the year is a public holiday in addition there are four obligatory official public holidays march 25 greek independence day easter monday august 15 assumption or dormition of the holy virgin and december 25 christmas two more days may 1 labour day and october 28 ohi day are regulated by law as optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off there are however more public holidays celebrated in greece than are announced by the ministry of labour each year as either obligatory or optional the list of these non fixed national holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades giving a total of eleven national holidays each year in addition to the national holidays there are public holidays that are not celebrated nationwide but only by a specific professional group or a local community for example many municipalities have a patron saint also called name day or a liberation day and at this day it is customary for schools to have a day off notable festivals include patras carnival athens festival and various local wine festivals the city of thessaloniki is also home of a number of festivals and events the thessaloniki international film festival is one of the most important film festivals in southern europe 20 religion edit main articles religion in greece and eastern orthodox church ancient greece edit the temple of hephaestus in athens is the best preserved of all ancient greek temples classical athens may be suggested to have heralded some of the same religious ideas that would later be promoted by christianity such as aristotle s invocation of a perfect god and heraclitus logos plato considered there were rewards for the virtuous in the heavens and punishment for the wicked under the earth the soul was valued more highly than the material body and the material world was understood to be imperfect and not fully real illustrated in socrates s allegory of the cave hellenistic greece edit alexander s conquests spread classical concepts about the divine the afterlife and much else across the eastern mediterranean area jews and early christians alike adopted the name hades when writing about sheol in greek greco buddhism was the cultural syncretism between hellenistic culture and buddhism which developed in the indo greek kingdoms by the advent of christianity the four original patriarchates beyond rome used greek as their church language byzantine and modern greece edit our lady of tinos the major marian shrine in greece the greek orthodox church largely because of the importance of byzantium in greek history as well as its role in the revolution is a major institution in modern greece its roles in society and larger role in overarching greek culture are very important a number of greeks attend church at least once a month or more and the orthodox easter holiday holds special significance shards of pottery vases on the street after being thrown from the windows of nearby houses a holy saturday tradition in corfu the church of greece also retains limited political influence through the fact the greek constitution does not have an explicit separation of church and state a debate suggested by more conservative elements of the church in the early 2000s about identification cards and whether religious affiliation might be added to them highlights the friction between state and church on some issues the proposal unsurprisingly was not accepted a widely publicised set of corruption scandals in 2004 implicating a small group of senior churchmen also increased national debate on introducing a greater transparency to the church state relationship greek orthodox churches dot both the villages and towns of greece and come in a variety of architectural forms from older byzantine churches to more modern white brick churches to newer cathedral like structures with evident byzantine influence greece as well as cyprus also polled as ostensibly one of the most religious countries in europe according to eurostat however while the church has wide respect as a moral and cultural institution a contrast in religious belief with protestant northern europe is more obvious than one with catholic mediterranean europe greece also has a significant minority of muslims in western thrace numbering around 100 150 000 with their places of worship guaranteed since the 1923 treaty of lausanne the greek state has fully approved the construction a main mosque for the more recent muslim community of athens under the freedom of religion provisions of the greek constitution other religious communities living in greece include roman catholics jehovah s witnesses protestants armenians followers of the ancient greek religion see hellenism jews and others sports edit archery matches in panathenaic stadium during the 2004 olympics greece has risen to prominence in a number of sporting areas in recent decades football in particular has seen a rapid transformation with the greece national football team winning the 2004 uefa european football championship many greek athletes have also achieved significant success and have won world and olympic titles in numerous sports during the years such as basketball wrestling water polo athletics weightlifting with many of them becoming international stars inside their sports the successful organisation of the athens 2004 olympic and paralympic games led also to the further development of many sports and has led to the creation of many world class sport venues all over greece and especially in athens and thessaloniki greek athletes have won a total 146 medals for greece in 15 different olympic sports at the summer olympic games including the intercalated games an achievement which makes greece one of the top nations globally in the world s rankings of medals per capita in 2024 olympiacos became the first greek football team in its history to win the uefa europa conference league symbols edit traditional flag used from 1769 to the war of independence the national colours of greece are blue and white the coat of arms of greece consists of a white cross on a blue escutcheon which is surrounded by two laurel branches 21 the flag of greece is also blue and white as defined by law 851 1978 regarding the national flag 22 it specifies the colour of cyan greek κυανό kyano meaning blue so the shade of blue is ambiguous the order of the redeemer and military decoration cross of valour both have ribbons in the national colours 23 since it was first established the national emblem has undergone many changes in shape and in design the original greek national emblem depicted the goddess athena and an owl at the time of ioannis kapodistrias the phoenix the symbol of rebirth was added other recognizable symbols include the throughout the byzantine empire double headed eagle and the vergina sun see also edit ancient civilizations forum art in modern greece center for the greek language cinema of cyprus greek_dress gaida hellenic foundation for culture hellenistic period hellenization list of greek films list of universities in greece modern greek folklore paideia syncretism in ancient greece references edit myres john herodotus father of history oxford cla...