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st 8 aftermath 9 in popular culture 10 references 11 further reading 12 external links toggle the table of contents emin pasha relief expedition 7 languages العربية asturianu español français עברית bahasa indonesia русский edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia 1887 1889 european expedition to the african interior henry morton stanley with the officers of the advance column cairo 1890 from the left dr thomas heazle parke robert henry nelson henry morton stanley william grant stairs and arthur jephson v t e scramble for africa south africa 1879 south africa 1880 tunisia 1881 sudan 1881 egypt 1882 wassoulou 1883 madagascar 1883 guinea bissau 1886 equatoria 1886 89 somalia 1890s 1908 eritrea 1889 viye 1890 dahomey 1890 mashonaland 1890 katanga 1891 92 dahomey 1892 matabeleland 1893 morocco 1893 94 morocco 1893 1894 wassoulou 1894 congo 1895 mozambique 1895 gaza 1895 ashanti 1895 south africa 1895 maputo 1896 ethiopia 1896 matabeleland 1896 zanzibar 1896 benin 1897 wassoulou 1898 chad 1898 fashoda 1898 south africa 1899 somaliland 1900 aro 1901 barue 1902 angola 1902 namibia 1904 tanganyika 1905 morocco 1905 06 south africa 1906 morocco 1907 34 mufilo 1907 morocco 1909 ouaddai 1909 morocco 1911 morocco 1911 libya 1911 12 south africa 1914 libya 1915 17 darfur 1916 v t e mahdist war mahdist uprising 1881 1885 aba shaykan el teb tamai khartoum abu klea abu kru kirbekan tofrek ginnis british egyptian expeditions 1885 1889 emin pasha expedition dufile suakin toski ethiopian campaigns 1885 1889 kufit guté dili madana gallabat italian campaigns 1890 1894 1st agordat serobeti 2nd agordat kassala british egyptian reconquest 1896 1899 ferkeh rejaf abu hamed atbara omdurman umm diwaykarat the emin pasha relief expedition of 1887 to 1889 was one of the last major european expeditions into the interior of africa in the nineteenth century led by henry morton stanley its goal was ostensibly the relief of emin pasha the besieged egyptian governor of equatoria part of modern day south sudan who was threatened by mahdist forces stanley set out to traverse the continent with a force of nearly 700 men navigating up the congo river and then through the ituri rainforest to reach east africa the arduous journey caused stanley to split the expedition into two columns the advance column eventually reached emin pasha in july 1888 a series of mutinies disagreements and miscommunications forced stanley and emin to withdraw from equatoria in early 1889 the expedition was initially celebrated for its ambition in crossing darkest africa however soon after stanley returned to europe it gained notoriety for the deaths of so many of its members and reports of brutality it was the last large scale private expedition undertaken as part of the scramble for africa background edit emin pasha german born egyptian governor of equatoria with the capture of khartoum by the mahdists followers of islamic religious leader muhammad ahmad in 1885 the ottoman egyptian administration of sudan collapsed equatoria the extreme southern province of the sudan was nearly cut off from the outside world as it was located in the upper reaches of the nile near lake albert emin pasha was a german jewish born ottoman physician and naturalist who had been appointed governor of equatoria by charles george gordon the british general who himself had attempted to relieve khartoum emin able to send and receive letters via buganda and zanzibar had been informed in february 1886 that the egyptian government would abandon equatoria in july he was encouraged by missionary alexander mackay to invite the british government to annex equatoria itself the government was not interested in such a doubtful venture but the british public came to see emin as a second general gordon in mortal danger from the mahdists scottish businessman and philanthropist william mackinnon had been involved in various colonial ventures and by november he had approached stanley about leading a relief expedition stanley declared himself ready at a moment s notice to go mackinnon then approached james frederick hutton a business acquaintance also involved in colonial activities and together they organized the emin pasha relief committee mostly consisting of mackinnon s friends among them francis de winton their first meeting took place on 19 december 1886 the committee raised a total of about 32 000 stanley was officially still in the employment of leopold ii of belgium by whom he had been employed in carving out leopold s congo free state as a compromise for letting stanley go it was arranged in a meeting in brussels between stanley and the king that the expedition would take a longer route up the congo river contrary to plans for a shorter route inland from the eastern african coast in return leopold would provide his free state steamers for the transportation of the expedition up the river from stanley pool now pool malebo as far as the mouth of the aruwimi river by 1 january 1887 stanley was back in london preparing the expedition to widespread public acclaim stanley himself was intent that the expedition be one of humanitarian assistance rather than of military conquest he declared the expedition is non military that is to say its purpose is not to fight destroy or waste its purpose is to save to relieve distress to carry comfort emin pasha may be a good man a brave officer a gallant fellow deserving of a strong effort of relief but i decline to believe and i have not been able to gather from any one in england an impression that his life or the lives of the few hundreds under him would overbalance the lives of thousands of natives and the devastation of immense tracts of country which an expedition strictly military would naturally cause the expedition is a mere powerful caravan armed with rifles for the purpose of insuring the safe conduct of the ammunition to emin pasha and for the more certain protection of his people during the retreat home but it also has means of purchasing the friendship of tribes and chiefs of buying food and paying its way liberally henry morton stanley in joel headley stanley s adventures in the wilds of africa 1 purpose of expedition edit in a number of publications made after the expedition stanley asserted that the singular purpose of the effort was to offer relief to emin pasha the advantages of the congo route were about five hundred miles shorter land journey and less opportunities for deserting it also quieted the fears of the french and germans that behind this professedly humanitarian quest we might have annexation projects henry morton stanley the autobiography of sir henry morton stanley 2 however stanley s other writings point to a secondary goal territorial annexation in his account of the expedition he implied that his meeting with the sultan of zanzibar was in regards to british interests in east africa these interests were threatened not only by the mahdists but also by german imperial ambitions in the region germany would not recognize british suzerainty over zanzibar and its continental holdings until 1890 i have settled several little commissions at zanzibar satisfactorily one was to get the sultan to sign the concessions which mackinnon tried to obtain a long time ago as the germans have magnificent territory east of zanzibar it was but fair that england should have some portion for the protection she has accorded to zanzibar since 1841 the concession that we wished to obtain embraced a portion of east african coast of which mombasa and melindi were the principal towns for eight years to my knowledge the matter had been placed before his highness but the sultan s signature was difficult to obtain henry morton stanley in darkest africa 3 the records at the national archives at kew london offer an even deeper insight and show that annexation was a purpose he had been aware of for the expedition this is because there are a number of treaties curated there and gathered by stanley himself from what is present day uganda during the emin pasha expedition ostensibly gaining british protection for a number of african chiefs amongst these were a number that have long been identified as possible frauds 4 a good example is treaty number 56 supposedly agreed upon between stanley and the people of mazamboni katto and kalenge these people had signed over to stanley the sovereign right and right of government over our country for ever in consideration of value received and for the protection he has accorded us and our neighbours against kabbarega and his warasura 5 preparations edit the steel boat advance as depicted in in darkest africa by h m stanley the expedition was planned to go to cairo then to zanzibar to hire porters then south of africa around the cape to the mouth of the congo up the congo by leopold s steamers branching off at the aruwimi river stanley intended to establish a camp on the aruwimi then go east overland through unknown territory to reach lake albert and equatoria he then expected that emin would send the families of emin s egyptian employees back along the just pioneered route along with a large store of ivory accumulated in equatoria while stanley emin and emin s soldiers would proceed eastward to zanzibar coincidentally public doubts over the plan centered around whether it could be achieved the possibility that emin might not want to leave seems not to have been considered the expedition was the largest and best equipped to go to africa a 28 foot steel boat named the advance was designed to be divided into 12 sections for carrying over land and hiram maxim presented the expedition with one of his recently invented maxim guns which was the first to be brought to africa merely exhibiting the gun was thought to be a scare which would spare the expedition problems with hostile natives the relief committee received 400 applications by hopeful participants from these stanley chose the officers who were to accompany him to africa james sligo jameson john rose troup and herbert ward had all travelled in africa before jameson as a big game hunter artist and traveller and troup and ward as employees of the congo free state robert henry nelson william bonny william grant stairs and edmund musgrave barttelot were all military men barttelot had been doing service in india arthur jephson was a young gentleman of leisure coming from the merchant marine who was hired on the quality of his face only but he paid 1 000 to the relief committee as did jameson in order to participate in the expedition the expedition s doctor thomas heazle parke was hired at the last minute while the expedition was already en route in alexandria where he was doing military service though scarcely mentioned in stanley s account of the expedition william hoffmann was stanley s personal servant stanley departed london on 21 january 1887 and arrived in cairo on 27 january egyptian objections to the congo route were overridden by a telegram from lord salisbury and the expedition was permitted to march under the egyptian flag stanley also met with mason bey georg august schweinfurth and wilhelm junker who had more up to date information about equatoria stanley left cairo on 3 february joined up with expedition members during stops in suez and aden and arrived in zanzibar on 22 february the next three days were spent packing for the expedition loading the madura and negotiating stanley acted as a representative of mackinnon in convincing the sultan of zanzibar to grant a concession for what later became the imperial british east africa company ibeac and made two agreements with tippu tib the first included appointing him as governor of stanley falls an arrangement much criticized in europe as a deal with a slave trader and the second agreement regarded the provisions of carriers for the expedition in addition to transporting stores the carriers were now also expected to bring out some 75 tons of ivory stored in equatoria stanley posted letters to emin predicting his arrival on lake albert around august up the congo edit the expedition route between the upper congo river and bagamoyo on the coast bottom right the expedition left zanzibar on 25 february and rounding the cape of good hope arrived at banana at the mouth of the congo on 18 march their arrival was somewhat unexpected because a telegraph cable had broken and local officials had received no instructions chartered steamers brought the expedition to matadi where the carriers took over bringing some 800 loads of stores and ammunition to leopoldville on the stanley pool progress was slow since the rainy season was at its height and food was short a problem that was to be persistent throughout the expedition the area along the route rarely had spare food for 1 000 hardworking men as it was a subsistence economy le peace le florida on 21 april the expedition arrived at leopoldville king leopold had promised a flotilla of river steamers but only one worked the stanley stanley requisitioned two peace and henry reed from missionaries of the baptist mission and the livingstone inland mission whose protests were overridden as well as the florida which was still under construction and so used as a barge even these were insufficient so many of the stores were left at leopoldville and more at bolobo at this point stanley also announced the division of the expedition a rear column would encamp at yambuya on the aruwimi while the advance column pressed on to equatoria the voyage up the congo started 1 may and was generally uneventful at bangala station barttelot and tippu tib continued up to stanley falls in the henry reed while stanley took the aruwimi to yambuya the inhabitants of yambuya refused permission to reside in their village so stanley attacked and drove the villagers away turning the deserted village into a fortified camp meanwhile at stanley falls tippu tib attempted to acquire carriers but he believed that stanley had broken his part of their agreement by leaving ammunition behind and barttelot came to yambuya with only an indefinite promise that carriers would arrive in several weeks traversing the ituri rainforest edit stanley however insisted on speed and left for lake albert on 28 june originally expecting to take two months the advance column however was unprepared for the extreme difficulties of travel through the ituri rainforest and did not reach the lake until december only 169 of the 389 who set out from yambuya were still alive the trees of the forest were so tall and dense that little light reached the floor food was scarcely to be found and the l...