Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

mac, os, projects, releases, operating, systems, contents, classic, and, macos, other, timeline, see, also, references, external, links, shipped, cancelled, desktop, server, rose, ux, mae, mklinux, star, trek, taligent, copland,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (141), mac (100), apple (80), #system (71), and (68), #operating (46), version (42), released (41), macos (40), from (33), macintosh (30), classic (30), was (29), software (28), history (25), for (25), systems (24), edit (24), original (23), with (21), october (21), its (21), retrieved (20), server (20), archived (20), pro (18), 2016 (16), other (14), ios (14), project (13), core (12), september (12), based (12), that (12), main (12), memory (11), article (11), file (10), tvos (10), leopard (10), lion (10), unix (10), which (10), steve (9), sierra (9), mae (9), 2012 (9), monday (9), inc (8), user (8), interface (8), lisa (8), john (8), watchos (8), ipados (8), beta (8), mklinux (8), projects (8), 2015 (8), 1996 (8), 2001 (8), wikipedia (7), next (7), time (7), kernel (7), list (7), app (7), developer (7), quicktime (7), iphone (7), nextstep (7), applications (7), copland (7), star (7), trek (7), august (7), february (7), releases (7), 1997 (7), code (6), control (6), computer (6), features (6), jobs (6), current (6), 1984 (6), taligent (6), tools (6), one (6), itunes (6), final (6), darwin (6), visionos (6), environment (6), puma (6), cheetah (6), menu (6), versions (6), new (6), rose (6), november (6), first (6), january (6), later (6), toggle (5), may (5), use (5), page (5), july (5), pages (5), links (5), april (5), 2019 (5), protection (5), management (5), real (5), store (5), logic (5), cut (5), studio (5), desktop (5), dos (5), snow (5), tiger (5), panther (5), jaguar (5), rhapsody (5), big (5), sur (5), high (5), mountain (5), finder (5), 1999 (5), march (5), platform (5), computers (5), 2009 (5), been (5), until (5), contents (4), search (4), this (4), foundation (4), commons (4), category (4), deprecated (4), service (4), different (4), development (4), network (4), concepts (4), virtual (4), access (4), process (4), multitasking (4), microkernel (4), timeline (4), products (4), former (4), related (4), case (4), ipod (4), technologies (4), beats (4), icloud (4), center (4), music (4), mini (4), hardware (4), application (4), iii (4), audioos (4), golden (4), gate (4), tahoe (4), sequoia (4), sonoma (4), ventura (4), monterey (4), catalina (4), mojave (4), capitan (4), yosemite (4), mavericks (4), public (4), key (4), keychain (4), powerpc (4), cancelled (4), 2017 (4), intel (4), linux (4), release (4), 2011 (4), 2010 (4), june (4), have (4), introduced (4), originally (4), were (4), third (4), has (4), year (4), early (4), run (4), named (4), several (4), tuesday (4), friday (4), major (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), add (3), mobile (3), view (3), developers (3), contacts (3), text (3), using (3), non (3), wikimedia (3), link (3), wikidata (3), short (3), boot (3), general (3), preemptive (3), monolithic (3), comparison (3), discontinued (3), services (3), university (3), community (3), 2024 (3), product (3), design (3), digital (3), siri (3), company (3), photos (3), mobileme (3), account (3), ichat (3), facetime (3), podcasts (3), media (3), card (3), xcode (3), safari (3), pixelmator (3), mail (3), numbers (3), keynote (3), iphoto (3), mainstage (3), motion (3), compressor (3), bridgeos (3), apps (3), touch (3), ipad (3), models (3), type (3), update (3), windows (3), quartz (3), prodos (3), macworks (3), sos (3), openstep (3), mach (3), bsd (3), xnu (3), player (3), preview (3), calculator (3), architecture (3), transition (3), world (3), ease (3), appearance (3), technology (3), information (3), newton (3), pink (3), shipped (3), 2008 (3), microsoft (3), press (3), end (3), 2013 (3), osf (3), open (3), pdf (3), 2025 (3), macworld (3), 2007 (3), instead (3), see (3), also (3), create (3), compatible (3), they (3), more (3), replacement (3), started (3), part (3), before (3), personal (3), such (3), but (3), 1988 (3), runs (3), between (3), offered (3), since (3), wednesday (3), then (3), top (3), developed (3), like (3), subsection (3), languages (2), table (2), legal (2), contact (2), about (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), last (2), 2026 (2), categories (2), wayback (2), cs1 (2), maint (2), archival (2), description (2), articles (2), org (2), shell (2), live (2), supporting (2), device (2), fault (2), error (2), resource (2), switch (2), cooperative (2), space (2), architectures (2), object (2), oriented (2), embedded (2), disk (2), share (2), companies (2), italics (2), wozniak (2), scott (2), luca (2), cue (2), sculley (2), mike (2), markkula (2), michael (2), unions (2), right (2), dispute (2), antitrust (2), events (2), get (2), marketing (2), aim (2), alliance (2), shazam (2), limited (2), computing (2), beddit (2), anobit (2), wwdc (2), iad (2), sign (2), bar (2), support (2), avenue (2), game (2), news (2), books (2), swift (2), photomator (2), iwork (2), imovie (2), garageband (2), ilife (2), filemaker (2), classroom (2), watch (2), vision (2), homepod (2), air (2), camp (2), bonjour (2), appleworks (2), utility (2), dashcode (2), resedit (2), composer (2), builder (2), instruments (2), hypercard (2), xgrid (2), textedit (2), photo (2), booth (2), messages (2), calendar (2), creator (2), dvd (2), express (2), front (2), row (2), forks (2), hera (2), metal (2), hfs (2), smart (2), folders (2), look (2), option (2), audio (2), command (2), colorsync (2), aqua (2), notification (2), sherlock (2), machine (2), stickies (2), built (2), rom (2), extensions (2), help (2), others (2), external (2), linzmayer (2), owen (2), starch (2), confidential (2), 2005 (2), low (2), research (2), institute (2), cite (2), 1992 (2), coprocessor (2), what (2), december (2), officially (2), pulled (2), stanford (2), introduction (2), gruber (2), still (2), could (2), learn (2), references (2), graphical (2), updated (2), into (2), canceled (2), party (2), ended (2), announced (2), protected (2), where (2), port (2), gui (2), four (2), novell (2), some (2), 1993 (2), partially (2), when (2), 1998 (2), led (2), source (2), uses (2), due (2), expansion (2), 2022 (2), number (2), thursday (2), 2002 (2), codenamed (2), annually (2), logo (2), basis (2), including (2), simply (2), ceo (2), launched (2), renamed (2), 1987 (2), now (2), lack (2), rebranded (2), devices (2), set (2), 1990s (2), pre (2), installed (2), every (2), series (2), here (2), upload (2), changes (2), read (2), english (2), bahasa (2), беларуская (2), log (2), donate (2), topic, cookie, statement, statistics, conduct, safety, disclaimers, available, under, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, easytimeline, extension, webarchive, template, mdy, dates, histories, families, lists, https, index, php, title, mac_operating_systems, oldid, 1366630431, czech, republic, united, states, national, gnd, viaf, international, authority, databases, pxe, cli, usb, hal, api, tape, library, partition, journal, inode, attribute, defragmentation, loader, storage, segmentation, ring, paging, bus, shortest, job, round, robin, multilevel, feedback, queue, fixed, priority, scheduling, algorithms, sharing, thread, block, ipc, interrupt, context, loadable, module, driver, components, unikernel, rump, vkernel, multikernel, hybrid, exokernel, supercomputer, just, enough, hobbyist, distributed, variants, usage, forensic, engineering, indicate, defunct, ronald, wayne, founders, avie, tevanian, sina, tamaddon, bruce, sewell, bertrand, serlet, jon, rubinstein, dan, riccio, mark, papermaster, peter, oppenheimer, david, nagel, ron, johnson, jackson, jony, ive, nancy, heinen, ellen, hancock, giannandrea, forstall, tony, fadell, eisenstat, paul, deneve, guerrino, browett, fred, anderson, angela, ahrendts, alan, dye, ternus, johny, srouji, phil, schiller, kevan, parekh, deirdre, brien, maestri, jennifer, newstead, lemay, sabih, khan, greg, joswiak, isabel, mahe, craig, federighi, eddy, katherine, adams, executives, arthur, levinson, board, chairs, tim, cook, gil, amelio, spindler, ceos, people, offices, wolfe, infinite, loop, park, knowledge, navigator, approvals, fileware, codenames, ecosystem, applemasters, criticism, car, repair, supreme, court, epic, games, fbi, encryption, price, fixing, ebooks, recruiting, agreements, litigation, tax, appletoo, issues, labour, relations, typography, idg, red, think, advertising, rockstar, consortium, imagination, ifund, eldim, ocean, didi, arm, akamai, kaleida, labs, partnerships, topsy, texture, entertainment, primesense, power, semi, nothing, metaio, lala, keyboard, invisage, intrinsity, fingerworks, emagic, editgrid, bis, records, authentec, acquisitions, claris, braeburn, capital, studios, imc, subsidiaries, maps, fitness, find, testflight, formerly, procare, genius, certifications, aasp, applecare, tower, theatre, pioneer, place, michigan, fifth, connect, retail, invites, imessage, walkie, talkie, communication, mls, originals, streaming, newsstand, radio, festival, arcade, wallet, pay, financial, scenekit, intelligence, homekit, carplay, force, silicon, pill, airtag, max, airpods, sim, accessories, shuffle, nano, cpu, neo, macbook, imac, trade, supply, chain, outline, airport, iweb, producer, internet, ibooks, author, xsan, webobjects, foundationdb, remote, passwords, macwrite, macpaint, macdraw, bundled, education, freeform, soundtrack, shake, macterminal, macproject, cinema, color, qmaster, tool, aperture, professional, memoji, idvd, clips, bento, consumer, denote, upcoming, puredarwin, opendarwin, distributions, gnustep, derived, spaces, inkwell, carbon, brushed, bootx, atsui, xquartz, webkit, universal, binary, uniform, identifier, integrity, stacks, spotlight, speakable, items, rosetta, quick, property, preference, pane, opencl, night, shift, mission, extra, liquid, glass, launchd, panic, icns, grand, central, dispatch, gatekeeper, fonts, filevault, dock, cups, cover, flow, video, opengl, image, data, animation, cocoa, cloudkit, bundle, avfoundation, units, applescript, push, appkit, airdrop, isync, dashboard, voiceover, terminal, settings, script, editor, font, book, configurator, utilities, shortcuts, reminders, notes, home, grapher, dictionary, automator, predecessors, old, worldscript, suitcase, folder, startup, sequence, sosumi, sound, fork, quickdraw, pict, ostype, multiprocessing, multifinder, managers, toolbox, labels, plus, hierarchical, dogcow, strip, panel, bomb, balloon, manager, alias, programmer, workshop, macsbug, simpletext, scrapbook, browser, powertalk, pictureviewer, graphing, drive, setup, chooser, derivatives, vanguard, nukernel, poweropen, aix, servers, widman, jake, pcworld, lessons, learned, biggest, failures, register, surrenders, san, francisco, 245921029, oclc, 9781886411289, isbn, hormby, tom, barbou, des, places, françois, stephen, nick, reynolds, franklin, grenoble, cambridge, mach3, web, screenshots, crabb, don, infoworld, finally, gets, inside, agrees, acquire, group, renames, drops, brief, gruman, galen, why, plug, vol, libraries, academic, resources, plan, 2004, honan, matthew, unveils, daring, fireball, siracusa, 2006, even, says, ecks, ten, sometimes, condé, nast, ars, technica, five, years, folklore, mea, culpa, hertzfeld, andy, three, things, underlying, yet, existing, planned, follow, gershwin, advanced, added, rapidly, than, completed, completion, date, slipped, future, outright, sought, suitable, buying, multithreading, talent, intelligent, producing, within, provide, spun, off, joint, venture, purpose, building, competing, never, worked, cited, example, out, 1995, had, delivered, death, cairo, ibm, portmanteau, boldly, gone, secret, prototype, beginning, partnership, instigated, looking, integrate, mutual, response, monopoly, team, consisting, got, basic, running, smoothly, reused, porting, x86, thus, mid, association, took, over, refers, adaptation, hosted, atop, worldwide, conference, package, 1994, allows, certain, workstations, emulate, style, published, hewlett, packard, sparcstation, sun, microsystems, window, not, very, competitive, crowded, market, lacking, present, class, most, sales, lacks, compliance, posix, government, workstation, feel, small, single, overdesigned, vendors, build, practically, any, reducing, otherwise, heavy, workload, developing, ready, nubus, called, followed, official, functionality, following, will, all, 2023, 2021, 2020, 2018, 2014, publicly, unveiled, 2003, saturday, adding, newer, marketed, late, 1980s, purchased, returned, precursors, include, largely, independent, succeeded, 1991, 1985, nine, name, signifies, whole, reference, helped, compatibility, layer, only, characterized, initial, supports, addressing, allowing, larger, programs, updates, enable, considered, architectural, limitations, critiqued, susceptibility, conflicts, among, controls, friendly, bit, inspired, previewed, program, clone, xerox, parc, alto, alongside, remained, primary, macs, speakers, box, mixed, reality, headset, arrival, began, 1977, 1980, 1983, assistant, emulator, although, common, principles, across, screen, featuring, represents, relates, objects, overlapping, trash, can, deletion, directories, icons, files, metaphor, prior, experimented, releasing, designed, bring, vice, versa, effort, expand, upon, develop, few, after, purchase, brought, entirely, eliminated, many, technical, challenges, faced, problems, receives, debuted, known, shortly, noted, criticized, modern, compared, competitors, clones, succession, two, redirects, disambiguation, redirected, free, encyclopedia, item, printable, download, print, export, legacy, parser, shortened, url, permanent, actions, talk, 閩南語, bân, lâm, ייִדיש, tiếng, việt, oʻzbekcha, ўзбекча, українська, türkçe, ไทย, தமிழ், svenska, српски, srpski, slovenčina, simple, srpskohrvatski, српскохрватски, sardu, română, piemontèis, polski, occitan, norsk, bokmål, nederlands, नेपाल, भाषा, melayu, मराठी, македонски, latviešu, lëtzebuergesch, latina, kurdî, 한국어, қазақша, qaraqalpaqsha, jawa, 日本語, íslenska, ilokano, indonesia, հայերեն, हिन्दी, hawaiʻi, gaeilge, français, võro, suomi, فارسی, euskara, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, deutsch, dansk, کوردی, català, bosanski, brezhoneg, български, тарашкевіца, boarisch, azərbaycanca, asturianu, العربية, ænglisc, aragonés, special, recent, portal, contribute, random, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
ated many of the technical challenges that the classic mac os faced such as problems with memory management the current macos is pre installed with every mac and receives a major update annually 4 it is the basis of apple s current system software for its other devices ios ipados watchos and tvos 5 prior to the introduction of mac os x apple experimented with several other concepts releasing different products designed to bring the macintosh interface or applications to unix like systems or vice versa a ux mae and mklinux apple s effort to expand upon and develop a replacement for its classic mac os in the 1990s led to a few cancelled projects code named star trek taligent and copland although the classic mac os and macos mac os x have different architectures they share a common set of gui principles including a menu bar across the top of the screen the finder shell featuring a desktop metaphor that represents files and applications using icons and relates concepts like directories and file deletion to real world objects like folders and a trash can and overlapping windows for multitasking before the arrival of the macintosh in 1984 apple s history of operating systems began with its apple ii computers in 1977 which run apple dos prodos and gs os the apple iii in 1980 runs apple sos and the lisa in 1983 which runs lisa os and later macworks xl a macintosh emulator apple developed the newton os for its newton personal digital assistant from 1993 to 1997 apple launched several new operating systems based on the core of macos ios in 2007 for its iphone ipad and ipod touch mobile devices and in 2017 for its homepod smart speakers watchos in 2015 for the apple watch tvos in 2015 for the apple tv set top box and visionos in 2024 for the apple vision pro mixed reality headset classic mac os edit main article classic mac os the classic mac os is the original macintosh operating system introduced in 1984 alongside the first macintosh and remained in primary use on macs until mac os x in 2001 6 7 apple released the original macintosh on january 24 1984 its early system software is partially based on lisa os and inspired by the alto computer which former apple ceo steve jobs previewed at xerox parc 6 it was originally named system software or simply system apple rebranded it as mac os in 1996 due in part to its macintosh clone program that ended one year later 8 classic mac os is characterized by its monolithic design initial versions of the system software run one application at a time system 5 introduced cooperative multitasking system 7 supports 32 bit memory addressing and virtual memory allowing larger programs later updates to the system 7 enable the transition to the powerpc architecture the system was considered user friendly but its architectural limitations were critiqued such as limited memory management lack of protected memory and access controls and susceptibility to conflicts among extensions 2 releases edit this text only logo for classic mac os started with mac os 7 6 released in 1997 nine major versions of the classic mac os were released the name classic that now signifies the system as a whole is a reference to a compatibility layer that helped ease the transition to mac os x 9 macintosh system software system 1 released in 1984 system software 2 3 and 4 released between 1985 and 1987 system software 5 released in 1987 system software 6 released in 1988 system 7 mac os 7 6 released in 1991 mac os 8 released in 1997 mac os 9 final major version released in 1999 mac os x os x and macos edit main article macos the system was launched as mac os x renamed os x from 2012 2016 10 and then renamed macos as the current mac operating system that officially succeeded the classic mac os in 2001 the system was originally marketed as simply version 10 of mac os but it has a history that is largely independent of the classic mac os it is a unix based operating system 11 12 built on nextstep and other next technology from the late 1980s until early 1997 when apple purchased the company and its ceo steve jobs returned to apple 13 precursors to mac os x include openstep apple s rhapsody project and the mac os x public beta macos is based on apple s open source darwin operating system which is based on the xnu kernel and bsd 14 macos is the basis for some of apple s other operating systems including iphone os ios ipados watchos tvos and visionos releases edit the x logo for mac os x versions 10 0 cheetah and 10 1 puma released in 2001 desktop edit the first version of the system was released on march 24 2001 supporting the aqua user interface since then several more versions adding newer features and technologies have been released since 2011 new releases have been offered annually 4 mac os x 10 0 codenamed cheetah released saturday march 24 2001 mac os x 10 1 codenamed puma released tuesday september 25 2001 mac os x jaguar version 10 2 released friday august 23 2002 mac os x panther version 10 3 released friday october 24 2003 mac os x tiger version 10 4 released friday april 29 2005 mac os x leopard version 10 5 released friday october 26 2007 mac os x snow leopard version 10 6 publicly unveiled on monday june 8 2009 mac os x lion version 10 7 released wednesday july 20 2011 os x mountain lion version 10 8 released wednesday july 25 2012 os x mavericks version 10 9 released tuesday october 22 2013 os x yosemite version 10 10 released thursday october 16 2014 os x el capitan version 10 11 released wednesday september 30 2015 macos sierra version 10 12 released tuesday september 20 2016 macos high sierra version 10 13 released monday september 25 2017 macos mojave version 10 14 released monday september 24 2018 macos catalina version 10 15 released monday october 7 2019 macos big sur version 11 released thursday november 12 2020 macos monterey version 12 released monday october 25 2021 macos ventura version 13 released monday october 24 2022 macos sonoma version 14 released tuesday september 26 2023 macos sequoia version 15 released monday september 16 2024 macos tahoe version 26 released monday september 15 2025 macos golden gate version 27 released monday june 22 2026 macos 10 16 s version number was updated to 11 0 in the third beta the third beta version of macos big sur is 11 0 beta 3 instead of 10 16 beta 3 macos 26 s version number is based on the year following the year in which it will first be released as is the case for all apple operating systems released in 2025 server edit an early server computing version of the system was released in 1999 as a technology preview it was followed by several more official server based releases server functionality has instead been offered as an add on for the desktop system since 2011 15 mac os x server 1 0 code named hera released in 1999 mac os x server later called os x server and macos server released between 2001 and 2022 other projects edit shipped edit a rose edit main article a rose the apple real time operating system environment a rose is a small embedded operating system which runs on the macintosh coprocessor platform an expansion card for the macintosh it is a single overdesigned hardware platform on which third party vendors build practically any product reducing the otherwise heavy workload of developing a nubus based expansion card the first version of the system was ready for use in february 1988 16 a ux edit main article a ux in 1988 apple released its first unix based os a ux which is a unix operating system with the mac os look and feel it was not very competitive for its time due in part to the crowded unix market and macintosh hardware lacking high end design features present on workstation class computers most of its sales was to the u s government where macos lacks posix compliance 17 mae edit main article macintosh application environment the macintosh application environment mae is a software package introduced by apple in 1994 that allows certain unix based computer workstations to run macintosh applications mae uses the x window system to emulate a macintosh finder style graphical user interface the last version mae 3 0 is compatible with system 7 5 3 mae was published for sun microsystems sparcstation and hewlett packard systems it was discontinued on may 14 1998 18 mklinux edit main article mklinux announced at the 1996 worldwide developers conference wwdc mklinux is an open source operating system that was started by the osf research institute and apple in february 1996 to port linux to the powerpc platform and thus macintosh computers in mid 1998 the community led mklinux developers association took over development of the operating system mklinux is short for microkernel linux which refers to its adaptation of the monolithic linux kernel to run as a server hosted atop the mach microkernel version 3 0 19 cancelled projects edit star trek edit main article star trek project the star trek project as in to boldly go where no mac has gone before was a secret prototype beginning in 1992 to port the classic mac os to intel compatible x86 personal computers in partnership with apple and with support from intel the project was instigated by novell which was looking to integrate its dr dos with the mac os gui as a mutual response to the monopoly of microsoft s windows 3 0 and ms dos a team consisting of four from apple and four from novell was got the macintosh finder and some basic applications such as quicktime running smoothly the project was canceled one year later in early 1993 but was partially reused when porting the mac os to powerpc 20 21 taligent edit main article taligent taligent a portmanteau of talent and intelligent is an object oriented operating system and the company producing it started as the pink project within apple to provide a replacement for the classic mac os it was later spun off into a joint venture with ibm as part of the aim alliance with the purpose of building a competing platform to microsoft cairo and nextstep the development process never worked and has been cited as an example of a project death march apple pulled out of the project in 1995 before the code had been delivered 22 copland edit main article copland operating system copland was a project at apple to create an updated version of the classic mac os it was to have introduced protected memory preemptive multitasking and new underlying operating system features yet still be compatible with existing mac software they originally planned the follow up release gershwin to add multithreading and other advanced features new features were added more rapidly than they could be completed and the completion date slipped into the future with no sign of a release in 1996 apple canceled the project outright and sought a suitable third party replacement copland development ended in august 1996 and in december 1996 apple announced that it was buying next for its nextstep operating system 23 timeline edit timeline of mac operating systems v t e see also edit comparison of operating systems history of the graphical user interface mac list of mac software references edit gruber john january 21 2009 three things os x could learn from the classic mac os macworld archived from the original on september 24 2016 retrieved september 13 2016 1 2 hertzfeld andy the original macintosh mea culpa folklore org archived from the original on june 19 2010 retrieved may 10 2010 siracusa john march 24 2006 five years of mac os x ars technica condé nast digital archived from the original on june 25 2009 retrieved april 15 2009 even steve jobs still says ecks instead of ten sometimes 1 2 gruber john mountain lion daring fireball archived from the original on august 11 2015 retrieved august 15 2015 honan matthew january 9 2007 apple unveils iphone macworld archived from the original on april 15 2008 retrieved january 16 2010 1 2 linzmayer owen w 2004 apple confidential 2 0 no starch press archived from the original on november 13 2016 retrieved october 1 2016 the macintosh product introduction plan stanford university libraries academic information resources stanford university archived from the original on july 21 2010 gruman galen november 1997 why apple pulled the plug macworld vol 14 no 11 pp 31 36 a brief history of the classic mac os low end mac july 26 2012 archived from the original on october 5 2016 retrieved october 1 2016 apple officially renames mac os x to os x drops the mac february 12 2012 retrieved october 28 2025 mac os x and unix pdf apple inc archived from the original pdf on may 30 2009 retrieved february 5 2016 macos version 10 12 sierra on intel based mac computers the open group archived from the original on october 2 2016 retrieved september 29 2016 apple computer inc agrees to acquire next software inc apple computer december 20 1996 archived from the original on january 16 1999 mac os x what is bsd apple inc archived from the original on february 19 2013 retrieved october 25 2012 apple releases developer preview of mac os x lion press release apple inc february 24 2011 archived from the original on october 13 2019 retrieved october 13 2019 inside the macintosh coprocessor platform and a rose archived from the original on october 15 2016 retrieved october 1 2016 crabb don august 10 1992 apple finally gets unix right with a ux 3 0 infoworld pp 68 69 archived from the original on august 1 2016 retrieved october 1 2016 mae screenshots retrieved march 4 2015 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link barbou des places françois stephen nick reynolds franklin d january 12 1996 linux on the osf mach3 microkernel grenoble and cambridge osf research institute archived from the original on february 11 2012 retrieved april 4 2013 hormby tom 2005 star trek apple s first mac os on intel project low end mac archived from the original on november 2 2015 retrieved november 10 2015 linzmayer owen w 1999 apple confidential san francisco ca no starch press isbn 9781886411289 oclc 245921029 archived from the original on september 20 2019 retrieved may 29 2017 apple surrenders the pink to microsoft archived august 10 2017 at the wayback machine the register october 3 2008 widman jake october 9 2008 lessons learned it s biggest project failures pcworld archived from the original on november 5 2012 retrieved october 23 2012 external links edit media related to macintosh operating systems at wikimedia commons v t e operating systems by apple apple ii iii lisa apple ii apple dos prodos gs os apple iii sos lisa lisa os macworks mac classic mac os system 1 systems 2 3 and 4 system 5 system 6 system 7 mac os 8 mac os 9 macos history nextstep openstep rhapsody mac os x server 1 0 public beta core darwin xnu mac os x 10 0 cheetah 10 1 puma 10 2 jaguar 10 3 panther 10 4 tiger 10 5 leopard 10 6 snow leopard 10 7 lion os x 10 8 mountain lion 10 9 mavericks 10 10 yosemite 10 11 el capitan macos 10 12 sierra 10 13 high sierra 10 14 mojave 10 15 catalina 11 big sur 12 monterey 13 ventura 14 sonoma ...